Background Material

Case Law | Treaties, Conventions, Protocols & Resolutions | Scholarly Articles, Academic Research & Other Studies

Case Law

• Federal Administrative Court of Germany, Judgement dated 17 November 2011, BVerwG 10 C 13.10.

• Joseph Rikhof
  Article 1F(C): The Step Child of Exclusion

• Helene Lambert and Theo Farrell
  The Changing Character of Armed Conflict and the Implications for Refugee Protection Jurisprudence Int J Refugee Law (2010) 22(2): 237-273 first published online May 12, 2010 doi:10.1093/ijrl/eeq017

• Olugbenga Shoyele
  Armed Conflicts and Canadian Refugee Law and Policy Int J Refugee Law (2004) 16(4): 547-583 doi:10.1093/ijrl/16.4.547

• Mark R. Von Sternberg
  The Plight of the Non-Combatant in Civil War and the New Criteria for Refugee Status Int J Refugee Law (1997) 9(2): 169-195 doi:10.1093/ijrl/9.2.169

• Roger Errera
  The CJEU and Subsidiary Protection: Reflections on Elgafaji - and After Int J Refugee Law (2011) 23(1): 93-112 first published online December 10, 2010 doi:10.1093/ijrl/eeq044

• See also the Chairperson's Guidelines, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada:
  Guideline 1 - Civilian Non-Combatants Fearing Persecution in Civil War Situations

• See the UNHCR's Guidelines on the Exclusion Clauses:
  Guidelines on International Protection: Application of the Exclusion Clauses: Article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/03/05 4 September 2003.

Treaties, Conventions, Protocols and Resolutions

Scholarly Articles, Academic Research and Other Studies

• Critical Issues in International Refugee Law
  Strategies Toward Interpretative Harmony - Edited by James C. Simeon, York University, Toronto - Cambridge University Press