The grammar module grader.grm
deals with various adverbial modifiers of adjectives and other adverbs.:
-
GRADER phrases such as "not", "somewhat", "rather", "fairly",
"quite", "[clearly] [so] very", and "[almost entirely] too", which are
used to modify vague quantifiers like "few", "little", "many", and "much"
and gradable adjectives like "big" and "green"..
-
DOWNTONER phrases [Quirk 8.111] like "hardly", "[just] barely",
"scarcely", and "just"
-
Comparative GRADER phrases which include GRADER phrases,
DOWNTONER
phrases, and words like "far" and "way", which can modify the comparative
quantifiers "fewer", "less", and "more", and prepositions like "over",
"under", "near" and "beyond".
-
Superlative graders like "[almost] entirely" and "completely" which can
be used in phrases like "[almost] entirely too many", "entirely behind
the house" and "completely green".
-
LIMITERs like "just", "only", "merely", and "not even".
-
EMPHASIZERs like "even", "really", and "not only".
-
THRESHOLDERs like "enough" and "sufficiently", which are used
in phrases like "[almost] enough more food", "few enough people", and "sufficiently
many others".
-
INTERROGATIVEs "how" and "however" ("how[ever] many guests were
there?", "how blue is the sky?"), which can also be used as exclamatories
or uncertainties ("how beautiful a flower!", "however much money he has
is not enough").
-
ATTITUDE phrases like "[just] possibly", "[very] clearly", "[rather]
probably", and "hardly" which are used in phrases like "just possibly my
best work", "hardly a hundred dollars", or "probably more than enough tickets".
Quirk, et al. [7.46ff, 7.56, 7.57, 7.62] use different names for some of
these classes of adverbial modifiers. The differences in terminology
may be reconciled in a later version of this grammar.
Some words and phrases fall into more than one of these syntactic categories
because their use can be ambiguous. For example, "hardly a
hundred dollars" in a sentence like "Hardly a hundred dollars will be sufficient"
can have a meaning like "A hundred dollars will hardly be sufficient" (that
is, "hardly" applies semantically to the entire noun phrase) or like "A
hundred dollars or a bit less will be sufficient" (that is, "hardly" applies
semantically to "a hundred"). Similarly, "just" in "just the best
wine" has an attitudinal meaning synonymous with "simply" or "quite" in
"It's just the best wine I've ever tasted", but it can also have a limiting
meaning synonymous with "only", as in "Bring just the best wine you've
got", which can imply "Your best wine may not be very good, but bring it
anyway."
This module will probably require reorganization when semantic computations
are added to it.