DISCUSSION/POLICY PAPER – CLOSING SECTION
YOUR CONCLUSIONS SHOULD FOLLOW DIRECTLY FROM YOUR
ANALYSIS. RESTATE YOUR THESIS, RECALL
YOUR EVIDENCE, AND SUMMARIZE YOUR LOGICAL ARGUMENT. IF YOU CAN WRITE THE CONCLUSION
BEFORE DOING THE RESEARCH, YOU ARE NOT WRITING A SCHOLARLY THESIS, YOU ARE
WRITING A LARGE EDITORIAL.
I OFTEN FIND IT CONVENIENT TO SEPARATE WHAT I LEARN
IN RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS INTO THREE CATEGORIES: FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS. IF IT HELPS, USE
IT, BUT DON’T FEEL COMPELLED TO LEAVE THE STRUCTURE IN YOUR FINAL THESIS.
FINDINGS
SOME THINGS ARE FINDINGS OF FACT. NO READER SHOULD BE ABLE TO ARGUE WITH
FINDINGS OF FACT. THEY MAY NOT LIKE
THEM, BUT YOU’LL HAVE ALL OF YOUR SOURCES IDENTIFIED, AND YOUR DISAPPROVING
READER WILL HAVE TO ATTACK SOMEONE ELSE.
MAKE SURE YOUR SOURCES ARE GOOD ONES.
CONCLUSIONS
SOLID, CLEAR LOGIC IS USED TO WEAVE TOGETHER
FINDINGS TO PRODUCE CONCLUSIONS. ONE
MIGHT EXPECT ANOTHER TO ARRIVE AT A DIFFERENT CONCLUSION, BUT YOUR LOGIC SHOULD
BE SUPPORTABLE. THOSE INCLINED TO PUT
ASIDE THEIR PRECONCEIVED NOTIONS SHOULD FIND YOUR CONCLUSIONS REASONABLE. IF ANOTHER READER CAN REFUTE YOUR
CONCLUSIONS, THAT’S JUST FINE. THAT’S
WHAT SCHOLARLY WORK IS ABOUT. THESIS, ANTITHESIS, SYNTHESIS, AS HEGEL WOULD
SAY.
RECOMMENDATIONS
BASED ON
FINDINGS OF FACT, LOGICALLY DERIVED CONCLUSIONS, CREDIBLE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS,
YOU MAY BE ABLE TO MOVE INTO THE WORLD OF THE PREDICTIVE THESIS. THAT IS, BASED ON EVERYTHING YOU’VE
PRESENTED SO FAR, YOU CAN PREDICT A CERTAIN OUTCOME, E.G., THE EVENTUAL
COLLAPSE OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY TRUST FUND.
THEN THE TITLE OF THIS SUBSECTION WOULDN’T BE “RECOMMENDATIONS” BUT
SOMETHING ELSE.
IF YOUR WORK JUSTIFIES IT, YOU MAY BE ABLE TO
PRODUCE A PRESCRIPTIVE THESIS. THAT IS,
YOU CAN PRESCRIBE A COURSE OF ACTION THAT WILL ACHIEVE A DESIRED SOCIAL
OUTCOME, E.G., WHAT POLICY ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN NOW TO PREVENT THE COLLAPSE
OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY TRUST FUND.
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YOUR VIEW
YOU
HAVE NOW EARNED THE RIGHT TO SAY WHAT’S ON YOUR MIND. IF YOUR ANALYSIS SAYS THE REFORM WILL FAIL, BUT YOU CAN MAKE AN
ARGUMENT WHY IT SHOULD PASS IN THE INTEREST OF NATIONAL SECURITY, THIS IS THE
PLACE TO SAY IT.
NOW
GO BACK AND WRITE YOUR INTRODUCTION, THE PART I ALWAYS STRUGGLE WITH THE MOST.
DO NOT ASSUME THAT THIS OUTLINE AND THESE HEADING
TITLES WILL BE RIGHT FOR YOUR FINAL PRODUCT.
IT IS OFFERED AS A POINT OF DEPARTURE.
AS INDICATED ABOVE, SOME OF THESE SECTIONS MIGHT PROFITABLY BE COMBINED
AND REORDERED. YOU WON’T BE ABLE TO
TELL HOW TO COMMUNICATE YOUR RESULTS UNTIL FAIRLY LATE IN THE PROCESS. YOU CAN, HOWEVER, BE CONFIDENT THAT THE
ORDER YOU FOLLOWED CONDUCTING RESEARCH IS THE WRONG ORDER FOR FINAL
EXPOSITION. THE FINAL PRODUCT MUST BE
STRUCTURED FOR THE CONSUMER, NOT THE PRODUCER.
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A GOOD POLICY ANALYSIS PAPER COVERS EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING AREAS (THE WEIGHTING GIVEN TO EACH SECTION WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE
TOPIC):
ISSUE DEFINITION: THE POLICY DECISION IS ARTICULATED AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE IS ESTABLISHED.
BACKGROUND: ALL BACKGROUND INFORMATION (TECHNICAL, POLITICAL, ETC.) NECESSARY TO PLACE THE DECISION IN ITS PROPER CONTEXT IS GIVEN.
POLICY OPTIONS: THE VARIOUS POLICY OPTIONS THAT THE
DECISION-MAKER MUST DECIDE BETWEEN ARE PRESENTED AND DESCRIBED.
POLICY ANALYSIS: THE PROS AND CONS OF EACH OPTION ARE
EXPLAINED. THE VALUE TRADE-OFFS IMPLICIT IN CHOOSING ONE OPTION OVER ANOTHER
ARE EXPLAINED.
RECOMMENDATION: BASED ON THE ANALYSIS, A RECOMMENDATION IS
MADE. THE BIASES AND JUDGMENT FACTORS THAT WENT INTO THE RECOMMENDATION SHOULD
BE EXPLAINED. YOU SHOULD SUMMARIZE YOUR RECOMMENDATION CONCISELY AT THE VERY
START OF YOUR PAPER.