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One of the
greatest power issues in organizations is sexual harassment. The single
most important thing to remember about sexual harassment is that it is not
about sex, it's about power, and the most insidious forms, according to
Judith Timson writing in the Globe and Mail in September 2004, "usually
involve a person in authority using his rank to get away with anything
from telling unwelcome advances to threatening reprisals if you try to
complain." To that I would add only that it is not only men who sexually
harass, but the majority of cases involve men harassing women.
An example of sexual harassment as display of power: a man works for a
female boss and resents her power over him. He therefore engages in
subtle sexual harassment (referring to her by diminutive or insulting
names such as bitch where he knows it will get back to her, coming on to
her in speech in subtle ways that try to remind her that she is after
all "only a woman" and he is a MAN). If the woman falls into the trap,
she becomes fearful of disciplining or even approaching the man because
he makes her uncomfortable. In this way he has exerted over her power
that he does not legitimately have.
Canadian
Law - Definitions of Sexual Harassment
The
Supreme Court of Canada defines sexual harassment as
"unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that
detrimentally affects the work environment or leads to
adverse job-related consequences for the victims of the
harassment".
The
Canada Labour Code defines sexual harassment as "any
conduct, comment, gesture or contact of a sexual nature
that is (a) likely to cause offense or humiliation to any
employee or (b) that might, on reasonable grounds, be
perceived by that employee as placing a condition of a
sexual nature on employment or on any opportunity for
training or promotion"
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Sexual
harassment remains a serious problem; the number of cases is rising in
Ontario and other provinces. But the number of complaints comes nowhere
near to the number of cases. Statistics reported by the Globe and Mail
("Careers" September 8, 2004) found that in 2002, the Ontario Human
Rights Commission received a total of 15,313 calls for information about
sexual harassment; only 4,386 callers decided to speak to someone. Of
those, only 416 asked for the document kit, and only 268 completed the
forms to file an official complaint. One of the ongoing problems is that
the process is so long and so difficult. Never underestimate the effort
required to follow through with a formal complaint through the
government.
Myths About Sexual Harassment
Myth:
Whether it's Sexual Harassment depends on who is judging
it
Sexual
harassment is in the eye of the receiver, not in the
intent of the perpetrator. The
Canada Labour Code defines sexual harassment as “any
conduct, comment, gesture or contact of a sexual nature
that is (a) likely to cause offense or humiliation to any
employee or (b) that might, on reasonable grounds, be
perceived by that employee as placing a condition of a
sexual nature on employment or on any opportunity for
training or promotion” |
Myth:
Sexual
harassment is only a women's issue
One in 10 suits
are filed by men. A male student in my 1996 Social
Marketing class told us his story of harassment by his
female banking bosses, including his direct supervisor who
asked him to go to the drugstore over his lunch hour and
buy her tampons. Gay men experience male-to-male harassment. It's not only a
women's issue. I've also met a female student who
experienced female-to-female sexual harassment that
eventually led to a lawsuit. Nine out
of ten suits are filed by women, but it exists in all
forms. |
Myth:
Sexual
harassment doesn't happen much
Somewhere between 50 and 90% of employees
have experienced sexual harassment, depending on how we
define harassment, and taking into account the reluctance to admit it
happened.
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Myth:
Harassment is about sexuality
Sexual
harassment is an issue of power and dominance, not of
sexuality.
Don't ever ask yourself what you did wrong or what you wore or what gesture you
let slip or what part of your anatomy might have
provoked the harassment. It is almost never about sex;
it's about power, and the fastest way to put down a person is to reduce her to a sexual object.
That's what sexual harassment is all about. |
Myth:
False
accusations are rampant
False accusations are at most 5%. Ask yourself -- Who would bother? Why would anyone put oneself through
that if it weren't true? If someone complains, the odds
are it is genuine. |
Myth:
Forbidding sexual harassment will stifle office humour
Just exactly
who decides whether something is funny? if you fail to
find funny a joke made at your expense, do you lack a
sense of humour? If the kind of humour that's made at someone's
expense IS stifled, maybe that's a good thing. |
Myth: Sexual Harassment
doesn't cost anyone anything
The Costs of Sexual Harassment
Economic
Costs
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Non-Economic
Costs
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25% of
respondents had to leave jobs after being harassed |
Damage
to physical health |
Health care costs
for stress |
Esteem and guilt
issues - "it must be my fault" |
Costs of defense
in lawsuits can run in the millions |
Lowering of firm's
reputation
and of employee morale |
Reduced productivity |
Opportunity
cost
- people could be doing something better with their
time |
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Haywood
Securities: The Conference
© M Louise Ripley
Laurie's initial excitement at being asked by Jack to
attend the Investment Advisors Conference in Toronto was instantly
flattened when she learned that Rob Burns was also going. Rob Burns was
a
white haired, blustery Scotsman with a well-earned reputation as a male
chauvinist. Rob was only five years Jack’s senior, but looked much
older. While Jack took care of himself, rarely drank, and watched his
weight, Rob had led a wilder life.
Their fathers started the firm together after the Great Depression;
investors
needed solid advice on re-entering a shaky market, and both Charles
Haywood and Joseph Burns possessed a talent for choosing wise
investments and instructing others
in doing
the same. They left the firm where they both worked and started an
investment advisory business. Each brought enough capital to purchase
some office equipment and cover the first year’s rent, and for more than
twenty years they worked well together and prospered.
But their sons
had never got along together.
When Jack had grudgingly taken his father's advice
and appointed Laurie as a Financial Analyst, he had assigned her
formally to report to Rob; Laurie was certain he did it out of spite. At first,
Laurie was surprised to find Rob to be tremendously supportive, but she
would soon come to understand that Rob, like many males of his age,
supported her only as long as she did exactly what he wanted. His
assumed right to chauvinist behaviour and language particularly grated
on Laurie, as did his automatic assumption of superiority simply by
virtue of being male, in addition to being senior to her in position.
Laurie was particularly wary of him when he had been drinking. It was
this latter trait that especially worried her about attending the
conference with him. She talked to her partner Pat that evening about
it.
Laurie: I can just see it now, Pat; we'll be
entertaining clients in the suite because that's what
Jack expects of us, but once the last client has gone,
I'll be alone with him. He'll be all over me.
Pat:
Can't you get out of the late evening drinking
parties? Tell them you've got to be up early for a
meeting or something?
Laurie: It's not just the late night drinking, Pat;
it's everywhere. When we go out to lunch with a
client, even if it's supposedly MY client, he always
takes charge. He signals the maitre d', he orders the
wine, he gets the cheque. Jack's always taught me the
control in the client-firm relationship that those
things determine, but they also give an aura of
control over anyone at the table, and that for Rob
includes me.
Pat:
Well, he's hardly the grope and feel type is he? I
mean, can't you just ignore him?
Laurie: It's pretty difficult, Pat. He's persistent.
I won't get any real work done, any connecting with
important clients, if he's always at my elbow, coming
on to me.
Pat:
Can you talk to someone at work? Can you ask Jack? No,
wait, forget I said that! Of course you can't talk to
Jack. Is there anyone else you can talk to? A Human
Resources person?
Laurie: We're not a big enough company either to have
all those kinds of staff, or for any kind of complaint
to remain anonymous. Besides, Rob's too clever. I
wouldn't put it past him to spread rumours that I'm
the one who's after him, just in case I ever do
complain. And who's going to believe me?
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What
should Laurie do?
This case study builds on an idea from Barbara Lyons'
"General Computer" in Karsten, Foegen Margaret (1994)
Management and Gender: Issues and Attitudes.
Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
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Exercise
$exual Harassment
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What are
some of the unseen non-economic costs that are already
happening at
Haywood
Securities, where Laurie works in this case study?
Post your answer in the
Moodle
Discussion Group. |
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Meet John and Marsha
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All too often we hear people say things like, "it's
getting so I can't even compliment a woman at the office any more"
indicating a woeful lack of understanding of what sexual harassment is
all about. Read through this exercise below (in the classroom I get students to
actually play the roles). Think about the difference between polite
conversation and sexual harassment.
PERFECTLY
ACCEPTABLE SCENARIO
John
and Marsha work together in the Marketing Department of a
large firm.
They are both middle managers.
Marsha
(in a friendly voice): Hi John. Hey,
good-looking shirt you've got on!
John
(in a comfortable voice): Thanks, my wife gave it
to me for our anniversary.
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PROBABLY
QUITE-ALL-RIGHT SCENARIO
John and Marsha work together
in the Marketing Department of a large firm.
Marsha
is a middle level manager, and John is a clerical worker
under her supervision.
Marsha
(same voice, words): Hi John. Hey, good-looking shirt you've got on!
John
(same voice, words):
Thanks, my wife gave it to me for our anniversary.
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UNACCEPTABLE
SCENARIO
Again, John and Marsha work together
in the Marketing Department of a large firm.
Marsha
is a middle level manager, and John is a clerical worker
under her supervision.
Marsha
(in a sultry voice): Hi there John! How's my
favourite guy today? My, that is one sexy shirt you've
got on. I love the way it brings out the colour of your
eyes.
John
(in an uncomfortable voice): Um, uh, well, uh, uh,
thank you. Say, do you have those files I was going to go
through this morning?
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Exercise
John and Marsha |
Describe
how John is feeling right now. Imagine that you, as a fellow
employee, overheard this conversation. How do you feel? What do
you think about John? What
should Marsha's
manager (boss) do? Post your answer in the
Moodle
Discussion Group. |
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What assumptions are you
led to make
about John's relationship with his boss? Subjected to this kind of
treatment, day in and day out, what do you think will eventually
happen to John's feelings about himself and his job? Can he expect
to be taken seriously as a professional member of the work force? This
is what harassment does to us, to every single one of us who ever
experiences it, to those who suffer it directly and to those who
overhear it or see it happening; it is detrimental even to those
who perpetrate it. Sexual harassment has no place in the
workplace. Period. It is demeaning and insulting. It has
absolutely nothing to do with pleasant person-to-person
relationships, with friendship, with compliments. It is a power
trip, and it is destructive and vicious, pure and simple. Don't waste your
time trying to defend it and try to see that you never perpetrate
it.
When
(sadly) Colour Isn't A Barrier
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Colour is not only no barrier to
sexual harassment, but in fact women of colour often experience more
sexual harassment. Several factors contribute to this
Traditional attitudes of
male and white supremacy |
Concentration in lower jobs which
are more common targets for harassment |
Myths about African women "Sand and
sea, and rum" - true tales from my African-Canadian colleague,
Professor Althea Prince. |
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I
once asked Professor Prince to come and address my Women
and Business class about racism, and she surprised and educated
me by stating that she would be glad to come talk about her
business experience but that it was not her job to talk about
racism; she's not the racist. I recognized immediately my own
reluctance all my years at York to serve on committees dealing
with sexism because I'm not the sexist. And I also recognized that I had
always been reluctant to presume to talk in the classroom about
racism because I am white.
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Exercise
Racism |
Think
about the use of power inherent in the
requesting of women to serve on the committees to solve
sexism and people of colour to serve on the committees
to solve racism. Whose job is it to talk
about these issues? How can management help? Post your answer
in the
Moodle
Discussion Group. |
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Preventative
Programmes
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written in easy-to-understand language
distributed to everyone
discussed with managers |
Training
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nature of problem
internal channels for reporting
investigation procedures
links between harassment and
discipline/grievance
suggestions for dealing with it
"ignoring it" doesn't work
government agency as last resort |
Willingness to Investigate |
quickly and with protection
for the complainant |
The Best Solution? |
ask yourself, would
you do/say it to your parent, sister, child?
If not, don't do
it. |
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Exercise
Handling Harassment |
What are
some specific ways of dealing with sexual harassment that you
would recommend to Laurie in the
Haywood
Securities Case you read above? What would you do
as the manager in charge of the section where she works?
Post your answer in the
Moodle
Discussion Group. |
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Sheryl Sandberg's Book Lean
In
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Exercise
Sandberg Sexual Harassment |
How does
Sheryl Sandbert's book Lean In help you further
understand the topic of this unit? Post your answer in the
Moodle Discussion
Group. |
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