Compiled
by I. Scott MacKenzie
Dept. of
Computer Science
York
University
Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
smackenzie@acm.org
Numer of
entries: 310
Last update: 25-Jun-02
Abrams, R. A., Kornblum, S., Meyer, D. E., & Wright, C. E. (1983). Fitts' law: Optimization of initial
ballistic impulses for aimed movements (69): University of Michigan.
Accot, J., & Zhai, S. (1997).
Beyond Fitts' law: Models for trajectory-based HCI tasks. Proceedings of the CHI '97
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp.
295-302.
Accot, J., & Zhai, S. (1999).
Performance evaluation of input devices in trajectory-based tasks: An
application of the Steering Law. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '99, New York: ACM, pp. 466-472.
Adams, J. A. (1971). A closed-loop
theory of motor learning. Journal of
Motor Behavior, 3, 111-150.
Adams, J. A. (1976). Issues for
closed-loop theory of motor learning. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Motor control: Issues and trends : New
York: Academic Press.
Agarwal, G. C., & Logsdon, J. B.
(1990). Optimal principles for skilled limb movements and speed accuracy
tradeoff. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Society, New York: IEEE, pp. 2318-2319.
Akamatsu, M., & MacKenzie, I. S.
(1996). Movement characteristics using a mouse with tactile and force feedback.
International Journal of Human-Computer
Studies, 45, 483-493.
Akamatsu, M., MacKenzie, I. S.,
& Hasbrouq, T. (1995). A comparison of tactile, auditory, and visual
feedback in a pointing task using a mouse-type device. Ergonomics, 38, 816-827.
Albert, A. E. (1982). The effect of
graphic input devices on performance in a cursor positioning task. Proceedings
of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human
Factors Society, pp. 54-58.
Andres, R. O., & Hartung, K. J.
(1989a). Prediction of head movement time using Fitts' law. Human Factors, 31(6), 703-713.
Andres, R. O., & Hartung, K. J.
(1989b). Vestibular contributions to the information processing rate of the
head/neck complex. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual
Northeast Bioengineering Conference, New York: IEEE, pp. 201-202.
Annett, J., Golby, C. W., & H.,
K. (1958). The measurement of elements in a assembly task: The information output
of the human motor system. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 1-11.
Arnault, L. Y., & Greenstein, J.
S. (1988). Optimizing control-display
interfaces: An evaluation of display/control gain (NOSC-TD-1219): San
Diego, CA: Naval Ocean Systems Center.
Arnault, L. Y., & Greenstein, J.
S. (1986). Optimizing the touch tablet: The effects of control-display gain and
method of cursor control. Human Factors,
28(6), 717-726.
Arnault, L. Y., & Greenstein, J.
S. (1990). Is display/control gain a useful metric for optimizing an interface?
Human Factors, 32, 651-663.
Arsenault, R., & Ware, C.
(2000). Eye-hand co-ordination with force feedback. Proceedings of the ACM
Conferernce on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 2000, New York:
ACM, pp. 408-414.
Bainbridge, L., & Saunders, M.
(1972). The generality of Fitts' law. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 96, 130-133.
Balakrishnan, R., & MacKenzie,
I. S. (1997). Performance differences in the fingers, wrist, and forearm in
computer input control. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '97, New York: ACM, pp. 303-310.
Barfield, W., & Furness, I., T.
A. (Eds.). (1995). Virtual environments
and advanced interface design. New York: Oxford.
Batra, S., Dykstra, D., Hsu, P.,
Radle, K. A., & Wiedenbeck, S. (1998). Pointing device performance for
laptop computers. Proceedings of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting - 1998, Santa Monica, CA: HFES, pp.
536-540.
Beggs, W. D. A., Andrew, J. A.,
Baker, M. L., Dove, S. R., Fairclough, I., & Howarth, C. I. (1972a). The
accuracy of non-visual aiming. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 515-523.
Beggs, W. D. A., Graham, J. C.,
Monk, T. H., Shaw, M. R. W., & I., H. C. (1972b). Can Hick's law and Fitts'
law be combined? Acta Psychologica, 36,
348-357.
Beggs, W. D. A., & Howarth, C.
I. (1970). Movement control in a repetitive motor task. Nature, 225, 752-753.
Beggs, W. D. A., & Howarth, C.
I. (1972). The movement of the hand towards a target. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 448-453.
Benel, R. A., & Stanton, B. C.
(1987). Optimal size and spacing of touch screen input areas. In H.-J.
Bullinger & B. Shackel (Eds.), Human-Computer
Interaction - INTERACT '87 (pp. 581-585). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Bock, O., & Eckmiller, R.
(1986). Goal-directed arm movements in absence of visual guidance: Evidence for
amplitude rather than position control. Experimental
Brain Research, 62, 451-458.
Bohan, M., & Chaparro, A.
(1999). Age-related differences in performance using a mouse and trackball. Proceedings
of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting - 1998,
Santa Monica, CA: HFES, pp. .
Bohan, M., Chaparro, A., &
Scarlett, D. (1999). The effects of selection technique on target acquisition
movements made with a mouse. Proceedings of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting - 1998, Santa Monica, CA: HFES, pp.
.
Boritz, J., Booth, K. S., &
Cowan, W. B. (1991). Fitts's law studies of directional mouse movement. Proceedings
of Graphics Interface '91, Toronto: Canadian Information Processing
Society, pp. 216-223.
Bravo, P. E., Legare, M., Cook, A.
M., & Russey, S. M. (1990). Application of Fitts' law to arm movements
aimed at targets in people with cerebral palsy. Rehabilitation Engineering
Society of North America (RESNA) 13th Annual Conference, pp. 216-217.
Brogmus, G. E. (1991). Effects of
age and sex of speed and accuracy of hand movement and the refinements they
suggest for Fitts' law. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society
35th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: HFS, pp. .
Brooks, V. B. E. (1981). Handbook of physiology: Motor control.
Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
Buck, L. (1980). Motor performance
in relation to control-display gain and target width. Ergonomics, 23, 579-589.
Buck, L. (1982). Location versus
distance in determining movement accuracy. Journal
of Motor Behavior, 14, 287-300.
Buck, L. (1986). Target location
effects in tapping tasks. Acta
Psychologica, 62, 1-13.
Callahan, J., Hopkins, D., Weiser,
M., & Shneiderman, B. (1988). An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear
menus. Proceedings of the CHI '88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems, New York: ACM, pp. 95-100.
Card, S. K., English, W. K., &
Burr, B. J. (1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick,
step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21, 601-613.
Card, S. K., Mackinlay, J. D., &
Robertson, G. G. (1991). A morphological analysis of the design space of input
devices. ACM Transactions on Office
Information Systems, 9, 99-122.
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., &
Newell, A. (1983). The psychology of
human-computer interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Carlton, L. G. (1979). Control
processes in the production of discrete aiming responses. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 5, 115-124.
Carlton, L. G. (1980). Movement
control characteristics of aiming responses. Ergonomics, 23, 1019-1032.
Carlton, L. G. (1981a). Processing
visual feedback information for movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7,
1019-1030.
Carlton, L. G. (1981b). Visual
information: The control of aiming movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 87-93.
Carlton, L. G. (1987). The speed and
accuracy of movements as a function of constraints to action. In M. L. S., J.
S. Warm, & R. L. Huston (Eds.), Ergonomics
and human factors: Recent research (pp. 103-109). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Carlton, L. G., Carlton, M. J.,
& Newell, K. M. (1987). Reaction time and response dynamics. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 39A, 337-360.
Carlton, L. G., & Newell, K. M.
(1988). Force variability and movement accuracy in space-time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human
Perception and Performance, 14, 24-36.
Chan, R. B., & Childress, D. S.
(1990a). On a unifying noise-velocity relationship and information transmission
in human-machine systems. IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 20(5), 1125-1135.
Chan, R. B., & Childress, D. S.
(1990b). On information transmission in human-machine systems: Channel capacity
and optimal filtering. IEEE Transactions
on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 20(5), 1136-1145.
Connely, E. M. (1984). A control
model: An alternative interpretation of Fitts' law. Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society - 28th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors
Society, pp. 625-628.
Corcos, D. M., Gottlieb, G. L.,
& Agarwal, G. C. (1988). Accuracy constraints upon rapid elbow movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 20, 255-272.
Craik, K. J. W., & Vince, M. A.
(1963). Psychological and physiological aspects of control mechanisms. Ergonomics, 6, 419-440.
Crossman, E. R. F. W. (1956). The measurement of perceptual load in manual
operations. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Birmingham University.
Crossman, E. R. F. W. (1957). The
speed and accuracy of hand movements. In E. R. F. W. Crossman & W. D.
Seymour (Eds.), The Nature and
Acquisition of Industrial Skill. : Report to the MRC and DSIR Joint
Committee on Individual Efficiency in
Industry [unpublished].
Crossman, E. R. F. W. (1960). The
information-capacity of the human motor-system in pursuit tracking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 12, 1-16.
Crossman, E. R. F. W. (1964).
Information processes in human skill. British
Medical Bulletin, 20(1), 32-37.
Crossman, E. R. F. W. (1965). A
reply to Dr. Max Hammerton. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 264-266.
Crossman, E. R. F. W., &
Goodeve, P. J. (1983). Feedback control of hand-movement and Fitts' law:
Communication to the Experimental Society. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 35A, 251-278.
Cunningham, H. A. (1989). Aiming
error under transformed spatial mappings suggest a structure for visual-motor
maps. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance, 15, 493-506.
Dixon, D. J. (1985). Underwater movement and Fitts' law.
Unpublished Ph.D., Texas Technical University.
Douglas, S. A., Kirkpatrick, A. E.,
& MacKenzie, I. S. (1999). Testing pointing device performance and user
assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 standard. Proceedings of the ACM
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '99, New York: ACM,
pp. 215-222.
Douglas, S. A., & Mithal, A. K.
(1993). Human performance evaluation of a
finger-controlled pointing device (CIS-TR-92-11): University of Oregon.
Douglas, S. A., & Mithal, A. K.
(1994). The effect of reducing homing time on the speed of a finger-controlled
isometric pointing device. Proceedings of the CHI '94 Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp. 411-416.
Draper, J. V., Handel, S., &
Hood, C. C. (1990). Fitts' task by teleoperation: Movement time, velocity, and
acceleration. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, Santa
Monica, CA: HFS, pp. 127-131.
Drury, C. G. (1975). Application of
Fitts' law to foot-pedal design. Human
Factors, 17, 368-373.
Drury, C. G., & Corlett, E. N.
(1975). Control of performance in multi-element repetitive tasks. Ergonomics, 18, 279-298.
Drury, C. G., & Hoffmann, E. R.
(1992). A model for movement time on data-entry keyboards. Ergonomics, 35(2), 129-147.
Edwards, E. (1965). Research note on
the study of hand motions. Perceptual and
Motor Skils, 20, 1098.
Engel, F. L., Goossens, P., &
Haakma, R. (1994). Improved efficiency through I- and E-feedback: A trackball
with contextual force feedback. International
Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 41, 949-974.
Engleman, W. R. (1987). A functional analysis of multiple movements.
Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Epps, B. W. (1986). Comparison of
six cursor control devices based on Fitts' law models. Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors
Society, pp. 327-331.
Ewing, J., Mehrabanzad, S., Sheck,
S., Ostroff, D., & Shneiderman, B. (1986). An experimental comparison of a
mouse and arrow-jump keys for an interactive encyclopedia. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 24, 29-45.
Falkenberg, L. E., & Newell, K.
M. (1980). Relative contribution of movement time, amplitude, and velocity to
response initiation. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 760-768.
Fischman, M. G., & Mucci, W. G.
(1990). Reaction time and index of difficulty in target striking tasks with
changes in direction. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 71, 367-370.
Fitts, P. M. (1953). The influence
of response coding on performance in motor tasks. In B. McMillan (Ed.), Current trends in information theory
(pp. 47-75). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information
capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47,
381-391.
Fitts, P. M. (1962, January).
Functions of man in complex systems. Aerospace
Engineering, 34-39.
Fitts, P. M. (1964).
Perceptual-motor skill learning. In A. W. Melton (Ed.), Categories of human learning : London: Academic Press.
Fitts, P. M. (1966). Cognitive
aspects of information processing: III. Set for speed versus accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(6),
849-857.
Fitts, P. M., & Deininger, R. L.
(1954). S-R compatibility: Correspondence amoung paired elements within
stimulus and response codes. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 48, 483-492.
Fitts, P. M., & Peterson, J. R.
(1964). Information capacity of discrete motor responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 103-112.
Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I.
(1968). Human performance. Belmont,
CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Fitts, P. M., & Radford, B. K.
(1966). Information capacity of discrete motor responses under different
cognitive sets. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 71, 475-482.
Fitts, P. M., & Seeger. (1953).
S-R compatibility: Spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46,
199-210.
Fitts, P. M., & Switzer, G.
(1962). Cognitive aspects of information processing. I. The familiarity of S-R
sets and subsets. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 63, 321-329.
Flach, J. M., Guisinger, M. A.,
& Robison, A. B. (1994). Fitts' law: Might the force be with it? [submitted for review/publication].
Flach, J. M., Guisinger, M. A.,
& Robison, A. B. (1996). Fitts's law: Nonlinear dynamics and positive
entropy. Ecological Psychology, 8(4),
281-325.
Flach, J. M., Hagen, B. A., &
O'Brien, D. (1990). Alternative displays for discrete movement control. Human Factors, 32, 685-695.
Flowers, K. A. (1976). Virtual
"open-loop" and "closed-loop" characteristics of voluntary
movement in patients with Parkinsonism and
intention tremor. Brain, 99,
269-310.
Foley, J. D., Wallace, V. L., &
Chan, P. (1984). The human factors of computer graphics interaction techniques.
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,
4(11), 13-48.
Fowler, B., & Taylor, M. (1987).
The effects of hypoxia in reaction time and movement time compononts of a
perceptual-motor task. Ergonomics, 30,
1475-1485.
Gan, K.-C., & Hoffman, E. R.
(1988). Sequential ballistic movement. Ergonomics,
31, 1421-1436.
Gan, K.-C., & Hoffmann, E. R.
(1988). Geometrical conditions for ballistic and visually controlled movements.
Ergonomics, 31, 829-839.
Georgopoulos, A. P., & Massey,
J. T. (1987). Cognitive spatial-motor processes. Experimental Brain Research, 65, 361-370.
Gillan, D. J., Holden, K., Adam, S.,
Rudisill, M., & Magee, L. (1990). How does Fitts' law fit pointing and
dragging? Proceedings of the CHI '90
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp.
227-234.
Gillan, D. J., Holden, K., Adams,
S., Rudisill, M., & Magee, L. (1992). How should Fitts' law be applied to
human-computer interaction? Interacting
with Computers, 4(3), 291-313.
Glasser, H. J., & Halcomb, C. G.
(1980). Foot placement and response latency: A test of Fitts' law. Proceedings
of the Human Factors Society 24th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human
Factors Society, pp. 626-628.
Glencross, D., & Barrett, N.
(1983). Programming precision in repetitive tapping. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15, 191-200.
Glencross, D. J. (1972). Latency and
response complexity. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 4, 251-256.
Glencross, D. J., & Barrett, N.
(1989). Discrete movements. In D. H. Holding (Ed.), Human skills: Studies in human performance (2nd ed., pp. 334). New
York: Wiley.
Graham, E. D. (1996). Virtual
pointing on a computer display: Non-linear control-display mappings. Proceedings
of Graphics Interface '96, Canadian Information Processing Society, pp.
39-46.
Graham, E. D., & MacKenzie, C.
I. (1996). Physical versus virtual pointing.
Proceedings of the CHI'96 Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp. 292-299.
Granit, R. (1970). The basis of motor control. New York:
Academic Press.
Green, R. T., & Courtis, M. C.
(1966). Information theory and figure perception: The metaphor that failed. Acta Psychologica, 25, 12-36.
Guiard, Y. (1997). Fitts' law in the
discrete vs. cyclical paradigm. Human
Movement Studies, 16, 97-131.
Guiard, Y., Beaudouin-Lafon, M.,
& Mottet, D. (1999). Navigation as multiscale pointing: Extending Fitts'
model to very high precision tasks, Proceedings
of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '99 (Vol. 1,
pp. 450-457): New York: ACM.
Hammerton, M. (1965). A note on the
application of information theory to studies of tracking behavior. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 17, 261-263.
Hammerton, M. (1981). Tracking. In
D. H. Holding (Ed.), Human skill :
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Han, S. H., Jorna, G. C., Miller, R.
H., & Tan, K. C. (1990). A comparison of four input devices for the
Macintosh interface. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society
34th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, pp. 267-271.
Hancock, P. A., & Newell, K. M.
(1985). The movement speed-accuracy relationship in space-time. In H. Heuer, U.
Kleinbeck, & K.-H. Schmidt (Eds.), Motor
behavior: Programming, control and acquisition (pp. 153-188). New York:
Springer-Verlag.
Hancock, W. M., Langolf, G., &
Clark, D. O. (1973). Development of standard data for stereoscopic microscope
work. AIIE Transactions, 5(2),
113-118.
Heuer, H., Kleinbeck, U., &
Schmidt, K.-H. (Eds.). (1985). Motor
behavior: Programming, control, and acquisition. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Heuer, H., & Sanders, A. F.
(1987). Perspectives on perception and action . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hoffmann, E. R. (1991a). Capture of
moving targets: A modification of Fitts' law. Ergonomics, 34, 211-220.
Hoffmann, E. R. (1991b). A
comparison of hand and foot movement times. Ergonomics,
34, 397-406.
Hoffmann, E. R. (1992). Fitts' law
with transmission delay. Ergonomics, 35,
37-48.
Hoffmann, E. R. (1993). Movement
time to an array of controls. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society,
Santa Monica, CA: HFS, pp. 625-629.
Hoffmann, E. R. (1995). Effective
target tollerance in an inverted Fitts task. Ergonomics, 38, 828-836.
Hoffmann, E. R., Chang, W. Y., &
Yim, K. Y. (1997). Computer mouse operation: Is the left-handed user
disadvantaged? Applied Ergonomics, 28(4),
245-248.
Holding, D. H. (Ed.). (1981). Human skills. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
Holding, D. H. (Ed.). (1989). Human skills (2nd ed.). New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Howarth, C. I., & Beggs, W. D.
A. (1981). Discrete movements. In D. H. Holding (Ed.), Human skill (pp. 91-117). New York: Wiley.
Howarth, C. I., Beggs, W. D. A.,
& Bowden, J. M. (1971). The relationship between speed and accuracy of
movement aimed at a target. Acta
Psychologica, 35, 207-218.
Indermill, D., & Husak, W. S.
(1984). Relationship between speed and accuracy in an over-arm throw. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59,
219-222.
Jackson, A. (1982). Some problems in
the specification of rolling ball operating characteristics. International Conference on
Man/Machine Systems, Thomas/Weintroub, Wembley, Middlesex, UK, pp. 103-106.
Jackson, A. (1984). Performance of rolling ball and isometric
joystick on a 2-D target alignment task (DRIC-BR-95202): Malvern, England:
Royal Signals and Radar Establishment.
Jagacinski, R. J. (1989). Target
acquisition: Performance measures, process models, and design implications. In
G. R. McMillan, D. Beevis, E. Salas, M. H. Strub, R. Sutton, & L. vanBreda
(Eds.), Applications on human performance
models to system design (pp. 135-149). New York: Plenum.
Jagacinski, R. J., Hartzell, E. J.,
Ward, S., & Bishop, K. (1978). Fitts' law as a function of system dynamics
and target uncertainty. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 10, 123-131.
Jagacinski, R. J., & Monk, D. L.
(1985). Fitts' law in two dimensions with hand and head movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 17, 77-95.
Jagacinski, R. J., Repperger, D. W.,
Moran, M. S., Ward, S. L., & Glass, B. (1980a). Fitts' law and the
microstructure of rapid discrete movements. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 309-320.
Jagacinski, R. J., Repperger, D. W.,
Ward, S. L., & Moran, M. S. (1980b). A test of Fitts' law with moving
targets. Human Factors, 22, 225-233.
Jellinek, H. D., & Card, S. K.
(1990). Powermice and user performance.
Proceeding of the ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '90, New York: ACM, pp. 213-220.
Johnsgard, T. (1994). Fitts' law
with a virtual reality glove and a mouse: Effects of gain. Proceedings of Graphics
Interface '94, Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society, pp. 8-15.
Johnson, W. W., & Hart, S. G.
(1987). Step tracking shrinking targets.
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society
- 31st Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, pp.
248-252.
Jones, T. (1989). Psychology of
computer use: XVI. Effect of computer-pointing devices on children's processing
rate. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69,
1259-1263.
Jones, T. (1991). An empirical study
of children's use of computer pointing devices. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7(1), 61-76.
Jones, T. G. (1985). An
investigation of children's use of computer-based pointing peripherals. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, The University of Toronto, pp. .
Kabbash, P., & Buxton, W.
(1995). The Prince technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors. Proceedings
of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '95, New
York: ACM, pp. 273-279.
Kabbash, P., MacKenzie, I. S., &
Buxton, W. (1993). Human performance using computer input devices in the
preferred and non-preferred hands. Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference
on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp. 474-481.
Kantowitz, B. H. (1969). Double
stimulation with varying response information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 82, 347-352.
Kantowitz, B. H. (1988a). Can
conditioning concepts aid the study of human information processing. In J. B.
Sidowski (Ed.), Conditioning, Cognition,
and Methodology: Contemporary Issues in Experimental Psychology. . Lanham,
MD: University Press of America.
Kantowitz, B. H., & Elvers, G.
C. (1988b). Fitts' law with an isometric controller: Effects of order of
control and control-display gain. Journal
of Motor Behavior, 20, 53-66 .
Kantowitz, B. H., & Knight, J.
K., Jr. (1978). Testing tapping time-sharing: Attention demands of movement
amplitude and target width. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Information Processing in Motor Control and Learning (pp. 205-227).
New York: Academic Press.
Kantowitz, B. H., & Sorkin, R.
D. (1983). Human factors: Understanding
people-system relationships. New York: Wiley.
Karat, J., McDonald, J. E., & Anderson,
M. (1985). A comparison of selection techniques: touch panel, mouse, and
keyboard. Human-Computer Interaction--INTERACT '84, Elsevier Science
Publishers, pp. 189-193.
Kay, H. (1960). Channel capacity and
skilled performance. In F. A. Gelgard (Ed.), Defence psychology (pp. 161-169). London: Pergamon Press.
Keele, S. W. (1968). Movement
control in skilled motor performance. Psychological
Bulletin, 70, 387-403.
Keele, S. W. (1973). Attention and human performance. Pacific
Palisades, CA: Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc.
Keele, S. W., & Summers, J. J.
(1976). The structure of motor programs. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Motor control: Issues and trends : New
York: Academic Press.
Keele, S. W. (1981a). Behavioral
analysis of motor control. In V. B. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of Physiology: Motor Control (Vol. 3) (pp. 1391-1414).
Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
Keele, S. W. (1981b). Behavioral
analysis of movement. In V. B. M. J. M. Brookhart, V. B. Brooks, & S. R.
Geiger (Ed.), Handbook of Physiology: Section 1: The Nervous System. Volume II. Motor
Control, Part 2. . Baltimore, MD: American Physiological Society.
Keele, S. W., & Posner, M. I.
(1968). Processing of visual feedback in rapid movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 155-158.
Kelso, J. A. (Ed.). (1982). Human motor behavior: An introduction.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kelso, J. A. S. (1992). Theoretical
concepts and strategies for understanding perceptual-motor skill: From
information capacity in closed systems to self-organization in open,
nonequilibrium systems. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 121(3), 260-261.
Kelso, J. A. S., Putman, C. A.,
& Goodman, D. (1983). On the space-time structure of human interlimb
co-ordination. Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 35A, 347-375.
Kerr, B. (1973a). Processing demands
during mental operations. Memory and
Cognition, 1(4), 401-412.
Kerr, B. A. (1977). Motor control in
aimed movements. In D. W. L. R. W. Christina (Ed.), Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, Vol. I. . Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics Publishers.
Kerr, B. A., & Langolf, G. D.
(1977). Speed of aiming movements. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 475-481.
Kerr, R. (1973b). Movement time in
an underwater environment. Journal of
Motor Behavior, 5, 175-178.
Kerr, R. (1975). Movement control
and maturation in elementary-grade children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 151-154.
Kerr, R. (1978). Diving, adaptation,
and Fitts' law. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 10, 255-260.
Kerr, R., & Hughes, K. (1987).
Movement difficulty and learning disabled children. Adapted Physical Activity Quaterly, 4, 72-79.
Klapp, S. T., Wyatt, E. P., &
Lingo, W. M. (1974). Response programming in simple and choice reactions. Journal of Motor Behavior, 6, 263-271.
Klapp, S. T. (1975). Feedback versus
motor programming in the control of aimed movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1,
147-153.
Klapp, S. T., & Greim, D. M. (1979).
Programmed control of aimed movements revisted: The role of target visibility
and symmetry. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 509-521.
Knight, A. A., & Dagnall, P. R.
(1967). Precision in movements. Ergonomics,
10, 321-330.
Kuttan, A., & Robinson, G. H.
(1970). Models of temporal motor responses-Stimulus, movement, and manipulation
information. IEEE Transactions on
man-machine systems, MMS-11(2), 126-128.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1973). Fitts' law
for manipulative temporal motor responses with and without path constraints. Perceptual and Motor Skils, 37, 427-431.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1974). A
preview-constraint model of rotary arm control as an extension of Fitts's' law.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102(4),
696-699.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1976). Distribution
of movement time in a target-aiming task. Perceptual
and Motor Skils, 43, 507-513.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1977a). Effects of
marijuana on muman reaction time and motor control. Perceptual and Motor Skill, 45, 935-939.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1977b). A
generalized model of temporal motor control subject to movement constraints. Ergonomics, 20, 41-50.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1977c). A model of
linear arm movements with preview constraints. Ergonomics, 18, 529-538.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1979a). Note on
information capacity of discrete motor responses. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49, 291-296.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1979b). Tracking
capacity measured by informational statistics. Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: HFS, pp. 568-572.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1980). An
alternative to Fitts' law. Bulletin of
the Psychonomic Society, 16, 371-373.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1981a). An
experimental paradigm for analyzing human information processing during motor
control tasks. Proceeding of the Human Factors Society - 25th Annual Meeting,
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, pp. 581-585.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1981b). Memoranda:
Information capacity of two-dimensional human motor responses. Ergonomics, 24, 573-575.
Kvalseth, T. O. (1982). The power
law of motor controls: Some diverse applications. Proceeding of the Human
Factors Society -- 26th Annual Meeting, pp. 339-343.
Laabs, G. J. (1974). The effect of
interpolated motor activity on the short-term retention of movement distance
and end-location. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 6, 279-288.
Langolf, G., & Hancock, W. M.
(1975). Human performance times in microscopic work. AIEE Transactions, 7(2), 110-117.
Langolf, G. D. (1973). Human motor performance in precise
microscopic work-development of standard data for microscopic assembly work.
Unpublished Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.
Langolf, G. D., Chaffin, D. B.,
& Foulke, J. A. (1976). An investigation of Fitts' law using a wide range
of movement amplitudes. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 8, 113-128.
Leganchuck, A., Zhai, S., &
Buxton, W. (1998). Manual and cognitive factors in two-handed input: An
experimental study. ACM Transactions on
Computer-Human Interaction.
Legge, D., & Barber, P. J.
(1976). Information and skill.
London: Methuen.
Lepine, C., Glencross, D., &
Requin, J. . (1989). Some experimental evidence for and against a parametric
conception of movement programming. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 347-362.
Lesh, J. W. (1985). The components of visually guided aiming: A
developmental study. Unpublished Ed. D. thesis, Columbia University.
MacKenzie, C. I., Mateniuk, R. G.,
Dugas, C., Liske, D., & Eickmeier, B. (1987). Three-dimensional movement
trajectories in Fitts' task: Implications for control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39A, 629-647.
MacKenzie, I. S. (1989). A note on
the information-theoretic basis for Fitts' law. Journal of Motor Behavior, 21, 323-330.
MacKenzie, I. S. (1991). Fitts' law as a performance model in
human-computer interaction. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University
of Toronto (http://www.yorku.ca/mack/phd.html).
MacKenzie, I. S. (1992a). Fitts' law
as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 7, 91-139.
MacKenzie, I. S. (1992b). Movement
time prediction in human-computer interfaces.
Proceedings of Graphics Interface '92,
Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society, pp. 140-150.
MacKenzie, I. S. (1995a). Input
devices and interaction techniques for advanced computing. In W. Barfield &
I. Furness, T. A., (Eds.), Virtual
environments and advanced interface design (pp. 437-470). New York: Oxford.
MacKenzie, I. S. (1995b). Movement
time prediction in human-computer interfaces. In R. M. Baecker, J. Grudin, W.
A. S. Buxton, & S. Greenberg (Eds.), Human-computer
interaction: Towards the year 2000 (pp. 483-493): San Francisco: Kaufmann.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W.
(1992). Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks. Proceedings of the CHI '92
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp.
219-226.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W.
(1993, July). A tool for the rapid evaluation of input devices using Fitts' law
models. SIGCHI Bulletin, 25, 58-63.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W.
(1994). Prediction of pointing and dragging times in graphical user interfaces.
Interacting with Computers, 6,
213-227.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Jusoh, S.
(2001). An evaluation of two input devices for remote pointing. Proceedings
of the Eighth IFIP Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer
Interaction - EHCI 2000, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. (to
appear).
MacKenzie, I. S., Kauppinen, T.,
& Silfverberg, M. (2001). Accuracy measures for evaluating computer
pointing devices. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 2001, New York: ACM, pp. (to appear).
MacKenzie, I. S., & Oniszczak,
A. (1998). A comparison of three selection techniques for touchpads. Proceedings
of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '98, New
York: ACM, pp. 336-343.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Riddersma,
S. (1994). Effects of output display and control-display gain on human
performance in interactive systems. Behaviour
& Information Technology, 13, 328-337.
MacKenzie, I. S., Sellen, A., &
Buxton, W. (1991). A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and
dragging tasks. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- CHI '91, New York: ACM, pp. 161-166.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Ware, C.
(1993). Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems. Proceedings
of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New
York: ACM, pp. 488-493.
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X.
(1999). The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings
of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '99, New York: ACM, pp. 25-31.
MacKenzie, I. S., Zhang, S. X.,
& Soukoreff, R. W. (1999). Text entry using soft keyboards. Behaviour & Information Technology, 18,
235-244.
MacKenzie, I. S., Zhang, X. I.,
& Soukoreff, W. (1998). Stylus tapping on a soft keyboard. Behaviour & Information Technology, 18,
235-244.
Marteniuk, R. C., & Roy, E. A.
(1972). The codability of kinesthetic location and distance information. Acta Psychologica, 36, 471-479.
Marteniuk, R. G., MacKenzie, C. I.,
Jeannerod, M., Athens, S., & Dugas, C. (1987). Constraints on human arm
movement trajectories. Canadian Journal
of Psychology, 41(3), 365-378.
Megaw, E. D. (1975). Fitts tapping
revisited. Journal of Human Movement
Studies, 1, 163-172.
Melton, A. W. (Ed.). (1964). Categories of human learning. London:
Academic Press.
Meyer, D. E., Abrams, R. A.,
Kornblum, S., Wright, C. E., & Smith, J. E. K. (1988). Optimality in human
motor performance: Ideal control of rapid aimed movements. Psychological Review, 95, 340-370.
Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K.,
Kornblum, S., Abrams, R. A., & Wright, C. E. (1990). Speed-accuracy
tradeoffs in aimed movements: Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In M.
Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and
performance XIII . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., &
Wright, C. E. (1982). Models for the speed and accuracy of aimed limb
movements. Psychological Review, 89,
449-482.
Miller, G. A. (1953). Information
theory and the study of speech. In B. McMillan (Ed.), Current Trends in Information Theory (pp. 119-139). Pittsburgh, PA:
University of Pittsburgh Press.
Montazer, M. A., & Drury, C. G.
(1989). A test of Beggs' model for self-paced movements. Ergonomics, 32, 497-511.
Morikiyo, Y., & Nishioka, A.
(1967). An analysis of the control mechanisms on simple movement of the hand
(2). J. Sci. Lab., 42, 238-243.
Morowitz, H. J. (1970). Entropy for biologists. New York &
London: Academic Press.
Murata, A. (1995). Improvement of
performance by method for predicting targets in pointing by mouse. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals in Electronics, Communications and Computer
Science, E78-A(11), 1537-1541.
Murata, A. (1996). Empirical
evaluation of performance models of pointing accuracy and speed with a PC
mouse. International Journal of
Human-Computer Interaction, 8(4), 457-469.
Murata, A. (1998). Improvment of
pointing time by predicting targets in pointing with a PC mouse. International Journal of Human-Computer
Interaction, 10(1), 23-32.
Nelson, W. (1983a). Physical
principles for economies of skilled movements. Biological Cybernetics, 46, 135-147.
Nelson, W. L. (1983b). Physical
principles of economies of skilled movements. Biological Cybernetics, 46, 135-147.
Newell, A., & Card, S. K.
(1985). The prospects for psychological science in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 1, 209-242.
Newell, K. M., Carlton, L. G., &
Carlton, M. J. (1980). Velocity as a factor in movement timing accuracy. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 47-56.
Newell, K. M., Carlton, L. G., &
Hancock, P. A. (1984). Kinetic analysis of response variability. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 133-151.
Noble, M., Fitts, P. M., &
Warren, C. E. (1955). The frequency response of skilled subjects in a pursuit
tracking task. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 49, 249-256.
Noel, R. (1989). Optimized keyboard
labeling for visually guided keying: Fitts' law fits poorly. Proceedings of the Human Factors
and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting - 1998, Santa Monica, CA: HFES,
pp. .
Olson, W. A. (1986). Effects of logarithmically rescalling
display gain on a Fitts' law task (Report No. (AFIT/CI/NR-87-6T (88 pp.)
NTIS No. AD-A176 507/2/HDM): Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Air Force
Institute of Technology.
Olson, W. A., & Flach, J. M.
(1986). An exploration of a Fitts' law task on a logarithmically scaled screen. Proceedings
fo the 22nd Annual Conference on Manual Control, Air Force Wright Aeronautical
Laboratories, pp. 165-173.
Paillard, J., & Brouchon, M.
(1974). A proprioceptive contribution to the spatial encoding of position cues
for ballistic movements. Brain Research,
71, 273-284.
Parng, A. K. (1988). Automated test of Fitts' law and effects of
target width and control/display gain using a digitizer tablet
(NOSC-TD-1214): San Diego: Naval Ocean Systems Center.
Peters, M., & Ivanoff, J.
(1999). Performance asymmetries in computer mouse control of right-handers, and
left-handers with left- and right-handed mouse experience. Journal of Motor Behavior, 31(1), 86-94.
Pew, R. W. (1966). Acquisition of
hierarchical control over the temporal organization of skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71,
764-771.
Pew, R. W. (1974). Human
perceptual-motor performance. In B. H. Kantowitz (Ed.), Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition
(pp. 1-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Plamondon, R., & Alimi, A. M.
(in press). Speed/accuracy trade-offs in target-directed movements. Behavioural and Brain Science.
Posner, M. I. (1969). Reduced
attention and the performance of "automated" movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 4, 245-258.
Poulton, E. C. (1974). Tracking skill and manual control. New
York: Academic Press.
Poulton, E. C. (1975). Range effects
in experiments on people. American
Journal of Physiology, 88, 3-32.
Prablanc, C., Echallier, J. F.,
Komilis, E., & Jeannerod, M. (1979). Optimal response of eye and hand motor
systems in pointing at a visual target. Biological
Cybernetics, 35, 113-124.
Radix, C. I., Robinson, P., &
Nurse, P. (1999). Extension of Fitts' law to modeling motion performance in
man-machine interfaces. IEEE Transactions
on Man-Machine Interfaces, 29(2), 205-209.
Radwin, R. G., Vanderheiden, G. C.,
& Lin, M.-L. (1990). A method for evaluating head-controlled computer input
devices using Fitts' law. Human Factors,
32, 423-438.
Rutledge, J. D., & Selker, T.
(1990). Force-to-motion functions for pointing. Proceedings of INTERACT '90,
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 701-706.
Sakitt, B., Lestienne, F., &
Zeffiro, T. A. (1983). The information transmitted at final position in
visually triggered forearm movements. Biological
Cybernetics, 46, 111-118.
Salmoni, A. W. (1983). A descriptive
analysis of children performing Fitts' reciprocal tapping task. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 9,
81-95.
Salmoni, A. W., & McIlwain, J.
S. (1979). Fitts' reciprocal tapping task, a measure of motor capacity? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49,
403-413.
Salmoni, A. W., & Pascoe, C. (1978).
Fitts reciprocal tapping task: A developmental study. In C. G. Roberts & K.
M. Newell (Eds.), Psychology of motor
behavior and sport . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Sanders, M. S., & McCormick, E.
J. (Eds.). (1987). Human factors in
engineering and design (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Schmidt, R. (1975a). Motor skills. New York: Harper &
Row.
Schmidt, R. A. (1975b). A schema
theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological
Review, 82, 225-260.
Schmidt, R. A. (1987). Motor control and learning: A behavioral
emphasis (2nd Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Schmidt, R. A. (1988). Motor control and learning: A behavioral
emphasis (2nd Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Schmidt, R. A., Sherwood, D. E.,
Zelaznik, H. N., & Leiking, B. J. (1985). Speed-accuracy trade-offs in
motor behavior: Theories of impulse variability. In H. Heuer, V. Kleinbeck,
& K.-H. Schmidt (Eds.), Motor
behavior: Programming, control, and acquisition (pp. 79-123). Berlin:
Springer-Verlag.
Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H. N., &
Frank, J. S. (1978). Sources of inaccuracy in rapid movement. In G. E. Stelmach
(Ed.), Information processing in motor
control and learning (pp. 183-203). New York: Academic Press.
Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H. N.,
Hawkins, B., Frank, J. S., & Quinn, J. T. (1979). Motor-output variability:
A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review, 86, 415-451.
Semjen, A., & Requin, J. (1976).
Movement amplitude pointing accuracy and choice-reaction time. Perceptual and Motor Skils, 43, 807-812.
Semjen, A., & Requin, J. (1976).
Movement amplitude, pointing accuracy and choice-reaction time. Perceptual and Motor Skils, 43, 807-812.
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W.
(1949). The mathematical theory of
communications. Urbana, Il: University of Illinois Press.
Shehab, R. L., & Schlegel, R. E.
(1993). A test of Fitts' law in a dual-task paradigm. Proceedings of the Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: HFES,
pp. 559-563.
Sheridan, M. R. (1976). Studies on the control of voluntary movement:
Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Hull.
Sheridan, M. R. (1979). A
reappraisal of Fitts' law. Journal of
Motor Behavior, 11, 179-188 .
Sheridan, T. B., & Ferrell, W.
R. (1968). Remote manipulation control with transmission delay. IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in
Electronics, HFE-4, 25-29.
Sheridan, T. B., & Ferrell, W.
R. (1974). Man-machine systems:
Information, control, and decision models of human performance. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Silfverberg, M., MacKenzie, I. S.,
& Korhonen, P. (2000). Predicting text entry speed on mobile phones. Proceedings
of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 2000, New
York: ACM, pp. 9-16.
Singer, R. M. (1975). , Motor Learning and Human Performance: An
Application to Motor Skills and Movement Behaviors (2rd ed.) . New York:
Macmillan (549 pp.).
Smith, W. M., & Bowden, K. F.
(1980). The effects of delayed and displayed visual feedback on motor control. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 91-101.
Smyth, M., & Wing, A. (Eds.).
(1984). Psychology of human movement:
London: Academic Press.
Soukoreff, W., & MacKenzie, I.
S. (1995a). Generalized Fitts' law model builder. Companion Proceedings of
the CHI '95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York:
ACM, pp. 113-114.
Soukoreff, W., & MacKenzie, I.
S. (1995b). Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speeds using a stylus
and soft keyboard. Behaviour &
Information Technology, 14, 370-379.
Spijkers, W. A. C. (1987).
Programming of direction and velocity of an aiming movement: The effect of
probability and response-specificity. Acta
Psychologica, 65, 285-304.
Spijkers, W. A. C. (1989). Effects
of average movement velocity on reaction time and spatiotemporal accuracy in
single-aiming and rapid-timing movement tasks. Journal of Motor Behavior, 21, 207-224.
Spijkers, W. A. C., & Sanders,
A. F. (1984). Spatial accuracy and programming of movement velocity. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22(6),
531-534.
Stelmach, G. E. (Ed.). (1976). Motor control: Issues and trends. New
York: Academic Press.
Stelmach, G. E. (Ed.). (1978). Information processing in motor control and
learning. New York: Academic Press.
Stelmach, G. E., & Requin, J.
(Eds.). (1980). Tutorials in motor
behavior. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Sugden, D. A. (1980). Movement speed
in children. Journal of Motor Behavior,
12, 125-132.
Sugden, D. A., & Gray, S. M.
(1981). Capacity and strategies of educationally subnormal boys on serial and
discrete tasks involving movement speed. British
Journal of Psychology, 51, 77-82.
Swanson, J. M., & Briggs, G. E.
(1969). Information processing as a function of speed versus accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81,
223-229.
van der Meulen, J. H. P., Gooskens,
R. H., J., M., van der Gon, J. J. D., Gielen, C. C. A. M., & Wilhelm, K.
(1990). Mechanisms underlying accuracy in fast goal-directed arm movements in
man. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22,
67-84.
van Gelen, G. P., & de Jong, W.
P. (1995). Fitts' law as the outcome of a dynamic noice filtering model of
motor control. Human Movement Science, 14,
539-571.
Vince, M. A. (1948). Corrective
movements in a pursuit task. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 85-103.
Wade, M. G., Newell, K. M., & Wallace,
S. A. (1978). Decision time and movement time as a function of response
complexity in retarded persons. American
Journal of Mental Deficiency, 83, 135-144.
Walker, N., & Catrambone, R.
(1993). Aggregation bias and the use of regression in evaluation models of
human performance. Human Factors, 35,
397-411.
Walker, N., Meyer, D. E., &
Smelcer, J. B. (1993). Spatial and temporal characteristics of rapid
cursor-positioning movements with electromechanical mice in human-computer
interaction. Human Factors, 35,
431-458.
Wallace, S. A. (1981). An
impulse-timing theory for reciprocal control of muscular activity in rapid,
discrete movements. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 13, 144-160.
Wallace, S. A., & Newell, K. M.
(1983). Visual control of discrete aiming movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35A, 311-321.
Wallace, S. A., Newell, K. M., &
Wade, M. G. (1978). Decision and response times as a function of movement
difficulty in preschool children. Child
Development, 49, 509-512.
Ware, C., & Balakrishnan, R.
(1994a). Reaching for objects in VR displays: Lag and frame rate. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human
Interaction, 1, 331-356.
Ware, C., & Balakrishnan, R.
(1994b). Target acquisition in fish tank VR: The effects of lag and frame rate. Proceedings
of Graphics Interface '94, Toronto: Canadian Information Processing
Society, pp. 1-7.
Ware, C., & Lowther, K. (1997).
Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human
Interaction, 4, 309-322.
Ware, C., & Mikaelian, H. H.
(1987). An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input. Proceedings
of the CHI+GI '87 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics
Interface, New York: ACM, pp. 183-188.
Welford, A. T. (1958). Ageing and human skill. London: Oxford
University Press.
Welford, A. T. (1960). The
measurement of sensory-motor performance: Survey and reappraisal of twelve
years progress. Ergonomics, 3,
189-230.
Welford, A. T. (1961). Age changes
in the times taken by choice, discrimination and the control of movement. Gerontologia, 5, 129-145.
Welford, A. T. (1968). Fundamentals of skill. London: Methuen.
Welford, A. T. (1976). Skilled Performance: Perceptual and Motor
Skills. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Co.
Welford, A. T., Norris, A. H., &
Shock, N. W. (1969). Speed and accuracy of movement and their changes with age.
In W. G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and
performance II [Acta Psychologica] (pp. 3-15).
Westerink, J. H. D. M., & van
den Reek, K. (1994). Pointing in entertainment-oriented environments:
Appreciation versus performance. Companion Proceedings of the CHI '94
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp. 77-78.
Wiker, S. F., Langolf, G. D., &
Chaffin, D. B. (1989). Arm posture and human movement capability. Human Factors, 31, 421-441.
Williams, H. G., & Werner, P.
(1983). Development of movement schema in young children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, 403-410.
Wing, A. M. (1983). Crossman and
Goodeve (1963): Twenty years on. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35A, 245-249.
Worringham, C. (Ed.). (1989). Symposium on Spatial, Temporal, and
Electromyographical Variability in Human Motor Control: Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan.
Wright, C. E., & Meyer, D. E. .
(1983a). Conditions for a linear speed-accuracy trade-off in aimed movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 35A, 279-296.
Wright, C. E. (1983b). Spatial and temporal variability of aimed
movements with three contrasting goal points. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Michigan.
Wright, C. E. (1983c). Spatial
variability of movements to three contrasting goal points. Paper presented at the
meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Diego, CA, pp. .
York, J. L., & Biederman, I.
(1990). Effects of age and sex on reciprocal tapping performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71,
675-684.
Zelaznik, H. N., Hawkins, B., &
Kisselburgh, L. (1983). Rapid visual feedback processing in single-aiming
movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15,
217-236.
Zelaznik, H. N., Mone, S., McCabe,
G. P., & Thaman, C. (1988). Role of temporal and spatial precision in
determining the nature of the speed-accuracy trade-off in aimed-hand movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,
14, 221-230.
Zelaznik, H. N., Schmidt, R. A.,
& Gielen, S. C. A. M. (1986a). Kinematic properties of aimed hand
movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 18,
353-372.
Zelaznik, H. N., Schmidt, R. A.,
& Gielen, S. C. A. M. (1986b). Kinematic properties of rapid aimed hand
movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 18,
353-373.
Zelaznik, H. N., Shapiro, D. C.,
& McColsky, D. (1981). Effects of a secondary task on the accuracy of
single aiming movements. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 1007-1018.
Zhai, S., Buxton, W., & Milgram,
P. (1994). The "silk cursor": Investigating transparency for 3D
target acquisition. Proceedings of the CHI '94 Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, pp. 459-464.
Papers describing Fitts’ law research are
hereby cited (Abrams, Kornblum,
Meyer, & Wright, 1983; Accot & Zhai, 1997; Accot & Zhai, 1999;
Adams, 1971; Adams, 1976; Agarwal & Logsdon, 1990; Akamatsu &
MacKenzie, 1996; Akamatsu, MacKenzie, & Hasbrouq, 1995; Albert, 1982;
Andres & Hartung, 1989a; Andres & Hartung, 1989b; Annett, Golby, &
H., 1958; Arnault, 1988; Arnault & Greenstein, 1986; Arnault &
Greenstein, 1990; Arsenault & Ware, 2000; Bainbridge & Saunders, 1972;
Balakrishnan & MacKenzie, 1997; Barfield & Furness, 1995; Batra,
Dykstra, Hsu, Radle, & Wiedenbeck, 1998; Beggs et al., 1972a; Beggs,
Graham, Monk, Shaw, & I., 1972b; Beggs & Howarth, 1970; Beggs &
Howarth, 1972; Benel & Stanton, 1987; Bock & Eckmiller, 1986; Bohan
& Chaparro, 1999; Bohan, Chaparro, & Scarlett, 1999; Boritz, Booth,
& Cowan, 1991; Bravo, Legare, Cook, & Russey, 1990; Brogmus, 1991;
Brooks, 1981; Buck, 1980; Buck, 1982; Buck, 1986; Callahan, Hopkins, Weiser,
& Shneiderman, 1988; Card, English, & Burr, 1978; Card, Mackinlay,
& Robertson, 1991; Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983; Carlton, 1979; Carlton,
1980; Carlton, 1981a; Carlton, 1981b; Carlton, 1987; Carlton, Carlton, &
Newell, 1987; Carlton & Newell, 1988; Chan & Childress, 1990a; Chan
& Childress, 1990b; Connely, 1984; Corcos, Gottlieb, & Agarwal, 1988;
Craik & Vince, 1963; Crossman, 1956; Crossman, 1957; Crossman, 1960;
Crossman, 1964; Crossman, 1965; Crossman, 1983; Cunningham, 1989; Dixon, 1985;
Douglas, Kirkpatrick, & MacKenzie, 1999; Douglas & Mithal, 1993;
Douglas & Mithal, 1994; Draper, Handel, & Hood, 1990; Drury, 1975;
Drury & Corlett, 1975; Drury & Hoffmann, 1992; Edwards, 1965; Engel,
Goossens, & Haakma, 1994; Engleman, 1987; Epps, 1986; Ewing, 1986;
Falkenberg & Newell, 1980; Fischman & Mucci, 1990; Fitts, 1953; Fitts,
1954; Fitts, 1962; Fitts, 1964; Fitts, 1966; Fitts & Deininger, 1954; Fitts
& Peterson, 1964; Fitts & Posner, 1968; Fitts & Radford, 1966;
Fitts & Seeger, 1953; Fitts & Switzer, 1962; Flach, Guisinger, &
Robison, 1994; Flach, Guisinger, & Robison, 1996; Flach, Hagen, &
O'Brien, 1990; Flowers, 1976; Foley, Wallace, & Chan, 1984; Fowler &
Taylor, 1987; Gan & Hoffman, 1988; Gan & Hoffmann, 1988; Georgopoulos
& Massey, 1987; Gillan, Holden, Adam, Rudisill, & Magee, 1990; Gillan,
Holden, Adams, Rudisill, & Magee, 1992; Glasser & Halcomb, 1980;
Glencross & Barrett, 1983; Glencross, 1972; Glencross & Barrett, 1989;
Graham, 1996; Graham & MacKenzie, 1996; Granit, 1970; Green & Courtis,
1966; Guiard, 1997; Guiard, Beaudouin-Lafon, & Mottet, 1999; Hammerton,
1965; Hammerton, 1981; Han, Jorna, Miller, & Tan, 1990; Hancock &
Newell, 1985; Hancock, Langolf, & Clark, 1973; Heuer, Kleinbeck, &
Schmidt, 1985; Heuer & Sanders, 1987; Hoffmann, 1991a; Hoffmann, 1991b;
Hoffmann, 1992; Hoffmann, 1993; Hoffmann, 1995; Hoffmann, Chang, & Yim,
1997; Holding, 1981; Holding, 1989; Howarth & Beggs, 1981; Howarth, Beggs,
& Bowden, 1971; Indermill & Husak, 1984; Jackson, 1982; Jackson, 1984;
Jagacinski, 1989; Jagacinski, Hartzell, Ward, & Bishop, 1978; Jagacinski &
Monk, 1985; Jagacinski, Repperger, Moran, Ward, & Glass, 1980a; Jagacinski,
Repperger, Ward, & Moran, 1980b; Jellinek & Card, 1990; Johnsgard,
1994; Johnson & Hart, 1987; Jones, 1989; Jones, 1991; Jones, 1985; Kabbash
& Buxton, 1995; Kabbash, MacKenzie, & Buxton, 1993; Kantowitz, 1969;
Kantowitz, 1988a; Kantowitz, 1988b; Kantowitz & Knight, 1978; Kantowitz
& Sorkin, 1983; Karat, McDonald, & Anderson, 1985; Kay, 1960; Keele,
1968; Keele, 1973; Keele, 1976; Keele, 1981a; Keele, 1981b; Keele & Posner,
1968; Kelso, 1982; Kelso, 1992; Kelso, Putman, & Goodman, 1983; Kerr,
1973a; Kerr, 1977; Kerr & Langolf, 1977; Kerr, 1973b; Kerr, 1975; Kerr,
1978; Kerr & Hughes, 1987; Klapp, 1974; Klapp, 1975; Klapp & Greim,
1979; Knight & Dagnall, 1967; Kuttan & Robinson, 1970; Kvalseth, 1973;
Kvalseth, 1974; Kvalseth, 1976; Kvalseth, 1977a; Kvalseth, 1977b; Kvalseth,
1977c; Kvalseth, 1979a; Kvalseth, 1979b; Kvalseth, 1980; Kvalseth, 1981a;
Kvalseth, 1981b; Kvalseth, 1982; Laabs, 1974; Langolf & Hancock, 1975;
Langolf, 1973; Langolf, Chaffin, & Foulke, 1976; Leganchuck, Zhai, &
Buxton, 1998; Legge & Barber, 1976; Lepine, 1989; Lesh, 1985; MacKenzie,
Mateniuk, Dugas, Liske, & Eickmeier, 1987; MacKenzie, 1989; MacKenzie,
1991; MacKenzie, 1992a; MacKenzie, 1992b; MacKenzie, 1995a; MacKenzie, 1995b;
MacKenzie & Buxton, 1992; MacKenzie & Buxton, 1993; MacKenzie &
Buxton, 1994; MacKenzie & Jusoh, 2001; MacKenzie, Kauppinen, &
Silfverberg, 2001; MacKenzie & Oniszczak, 1998; MacKenzie & Riddersma,
1994; MacKenzie, Sellen, & Buxton, 1991; MacKenzie & Ware, 1993;
MacKenzie & Zhang, 1999; MacKenzie, Zhang, & Soukoreff, 1999;
MacKenzie, Zhang, & Soukoreff, 1998; Marteniuk & Roy, 1972; Marteniuk,
MacKenzie, Jeannerod, Athens, & Dugas, 1987; Megaw, 1975; Melton, 1964;
Meyer, Abrams, Kornblum, Wright, & Smith, 1988; Meyer, Smith, Kornblum,
Abrams, & Wright, 1990; Meyer, Smith, & Wright, 1982; Miller, 1953;
Montazer & Drury, 1989; Morikiyo, 1967; Morowitz, 1970; Murata, 1995;
Murata, 1996; Murata, 1998; Nelson, 1983a; Nelson, 1983b; Newell & Card, 1985;
Newell, Carlton, & Carlton, 1980; Newell, Carlton, & Hancock, 1984;
Noble, Fitts, & Warren, 1955; Noel, 1989; Olson, 1986; Olson & Flach,
1986; Paillard, 1974; Parng, 1988; Peters & Ivanoff, 1999; Pew, 1966; Pew,
1974; Plamondon & Alimi, in press; Posner, 1969; Poulton, 1974; Poulton,
1975; Prablanc, Echallier, Komilis, & Jeannerod, 1979; Radix, Robinson,
& Nurse, 1999; Radwin, Vanderheiden, & Lin, 1990; Rutledge &
Selker, 1990; Sakitt, Lestienne, & Zeffiro, 1983; Salmoni, 1983; Salmoni
& McIlwain, 1979; Salmoni & Pascoe, 1978; Sanders & McCormick,
1987; Schmidt, 1975a; Schmidt, 1975b; Schmidt, 1987; Schmidt, 1988; Schmidt,
Sherwood, Zelaznik, & Leiking, 1985; Schmidt, Zelaznik, & Frank, 1978;
Schmidt, Zelaznik, Hawkins, Frank, & Quinn, 1979; Semjen, 1976; Semjen
& Requin, 1976; Shannon & Weaver, 1949; Shehab & Schlegel, 1993;
Sheridan, 1976; Sheridan, 1979; Sheridan & Ferrell, 1968; Sheridan &
Ferrell, 1974; Silfverberg, MacKenzie, & Korhonen, 2000; Singer, 1975;
Smith, 1980; Smyth & Wing, 1984; Soukoreff & MacKenzie, 1995a;
Soukoreff & MacKenzie, 1995b; Spijkers, 1987; Spijkers, 1989; Spijkers
& Sanders, 1984; Stelmach, 1976; Stelmach, 1978; Stelmach & Requin,
1980; Sugden, 1980; Sugden & Gray, 1981; Swanson & Briggs, 1969; van
der Meulen, Gooskens, van der Gon, Gielen, & Wilhelm, 1990; van Gelen &
de Jong, 1995; Vince, 1948; Wade, Newell, & Wallace, 1978; Walker &
Catrambone, 1993; Walker, Meyer, & Smelcer, 1993; Wallace, 1981; Wallace
& Newell, 1983; Wallace, Newell, & Wade, 1978; Ware & Balakrishnan,
1994a; Ware & Balakrishnan, 1994b; Ware & Lowther, 1997; Ware &
Mikaelian, 1987; Welford, 1958; Welford, 1960; Welford, 1961; Welford, 1968;
Welford, 1976; Welford, Norris, & Shock, 1969; Westerink & van den
Reek, 1994; Wiker, Langolf, & Chaffin, 1989; Williams & Werner, 1983;
Wing, 1983; Worringham, 1989; Wright, 1983a; Wright, 1983b; Wright, 1983c; York
& Biederman, 1990; Zelaznik, Hawkins, & Kisselburgh, 1983; Zelaznik,
Mone, McCabe, & Thaman, 1988; Zelaznik, Schmidt, & Gielen, 1986a;
Zelaznik, Schmidt, & Gielen, 1986b; Zelaznik, Shapiro, & McColsky,
1981; Zhai, Buxton, & Milgram, 1994).