GEOG 4040: URBAN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

 

Assignment 1

 

Due: Submit on or before Monday, November 2, to the Department of Geography office by 4.30pm.  You must get one of the office secretaries to date-stamp your essay.

 

Worth: 20%

 

Assignment: Do one of the three essay choices given below.

Length: 6-8 pages, double-spaced, no less than 6 pages and more than 8 if you prefer.  Set no more than 1.25 inches as the left- and right-hand margins.  The covering (title) page does not count as part of the overall tally.  All references must be properly cited.

 

  1. What can we learn about historic urban society through the work of the urban artist (novelist, book or newspaper illustrator, visual artist, photographer)?

 

  1. How can ideas about social and cultural capital illuminate understandings of the historic city?  Draw your case examples from at least two cities.

 

  1. Discuss the relationship between bodies, social identities, and outdoor activities in the historic city.

 

 

ESSAY GUIDELINES: PLEASE READ

 

Essays must be submitted in word-processed format. They must be accompanied by a bibliography and foot- or endnotes conforming to established academic conventions.  (For choosing your style, see http://www.library.yorku.ca/ccm/Home/ResearchAndInstruction/citationmgmt/; an example is also given at the end of this document).  The text should also indicate that you have actually read the works that you cite.

 

Evidence of inadequate proof reading (such as repeated typographical errors, incomplete sentences, failure to use your spell-checker, etc.) will have a negative impact on the mark given to the essay.  The best approach is to read over your work in a concentrated manner – in fact, reading it out loud to yourself is a good idea – before handing it in.

 

All work must come with a covering (title) page including the following information:

Name of student, Student ID number, course title and code, and title of work/essay question

 

Upon reading the essay questions above, as well as attending class in the coming weeks and doing the assigned readings in the usual manner, you will quickly get a sense of how the course readings of those weeks relate to the essay questions.  But you should be clear that I do not want your essay to simply be a regurgitation of these readings.  The points they make, and the ideas they elicit are obviously significant, but I want you to go further.

 

Further reading is an essential part of any course such as this and will deepen your understanding and enjoyment of the periods discussed as well as the subfield of historical geography in general.  It should also give you a sense of what sort of themes you’d like to pursue in your research-based assignment for later in the year as well as the cities that grab your imagination.  Use the assigned readings for this course in your preparation (and consider as well the supplementary list given below), and include a bibliography of items you have used (including any that you have discovered in your researches that are not part of the course readings or the supplementary reading list) at the end of your essay.

 

How to ‘do’ further reading?  The footnotes and bibliographies of the assigned book chapters and articles are two sources of further reading; the search-features of the York library catalogue, browsing the open shelves, and consulting with me are other ways forward.  The key urban history call numbers are HT-HV and those for geography are G-GF.  The select bibliography below is offered to help provide some points of departure for further reading on not only the topics covered in these first few months of the course but also the themes invited by the essay choices above.  A major outcome of a university education should be an ability to find information on any topic within your field.  You are encouraged to show initiative in developing this ability.

 

The essay choices suggest that you write about Western (i.e. North American and/or European) cities and towns in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.  And while this gels with the stated focus of the course, anyone with a keen spirit to explore the relevant themes for a city in another part of the world for their essay is welcome to, but should consult with me in advance and, if possible, present some readings they would like to do for that city.

 

How many readings/bibliographic references do you need?  There is no ideal number, but I am expecting at least five pieces of work to make it into your bibliographies.  I am not including websites in this tally, but if, for example, you find a book that happens to be available online, give the full reference followed by the web address (if you access it through the York library, there is no need to include the web address).  A website that, for example, contains representative works of a given artist, should be referenced in your bibliography along with the date you accessed it.

 

I have no wish to see references to Wikipedia in your bibliographies.  I am not against Wikipedia as such, though there are still question marks about its reliability.  It could, however, be useful in gaining additional references/reading about, say, a particular writer, artist, building or city.  But use it strictly as a way of helping you either get basic and well-known information about somebody or something, or information that takes you to a book, article or more scholarly website somewhere else.  Likewise, essays in an advanced undergraduate course should never reference lectures given or lecture slides shown either in that course or any other at the university (they never should be referenced, period, but this sometime happens in first and second year essays).

 

What follows from here is therefore merely a guideline to some additional reading for the period that most of you are likely to cover in your essays.  It is admittedly biased by my own reading about a small number of cities, and so students are encouraged to look beyond this list.

 

SOME USEFUL READING

 

Arscott, C. (2000) ‘The representation of the city in the visual arts’ in M. Daunton, ed, The Cambridge Urban History of Britain Volume III, 1840-1950, pp. 811-31

Assael, B. (2003) ‘Music in the Air: Noise, Performers and the Contest over the Streets of the Mid-19th century Metropolis', in H. Shore & T. Hitchcock (eds.), The Streets of London, 1660-1870, London: Rivers Oram, pp.183-197

Atkins, P. J. (1993) ‘How the West End was won: the struggle to remove street barriers in Victorian London’, Journal of Historical Geography 19, pp. 265–77

Brosseau, M. (1994) ‘Geography’s literature’, Progress in Human Geography 18, pp. 333-53

Brosseau, M. (1995) ‘The city in textual form: Manhattan Transfer’s New York’, Ecumene 2, pp. 89-114

Dennis, R. (2000)Morley Callaghan and the moral geography of Toronto’, British Journal of Canadian Studies 14(1), pp. 35-51

Dennis, R. (2006) ‘Buildings, residences and mansions: George Gissing’s ‘prejudice against flats’’ in Spiers, J. (ed) Gissing and the City, pp. 41-62 [this is an e-book available through York library]

Fisher, P. (1994) ‘The novel as newspaper and gallery of voices: the American novel in New York City: 1890-1930’, in T. Bender and C.E. Schorske, eds, Budapest and New York: Studies in Metropolitan Transformation: 1870-1930, pp. 332-51

Freeman, N. (2007) Conceiving the City: London, Literature and Art, 1870-1914. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Gilbert, D. (1999) 'London in all its Glory - or how to enjoy London: guidebook representations of Imperial London' Journal of Historical Geography 25, pp. 279–97

Gilbert, P. K. (2002) ‘The Victorian social body and urban cartography’, in P.K. Gilbert, ed, Imagined Londons, pp. 11-30

Ginn, G. (2006) ‘Answering the ‘Bitter Cry’: Urban description and social reform in the late-Victorian East End’, The London Journal 31 (2), pp. 179–200

Hales, P.B. (1984) Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915, especially chapter 4, ‘The hidden hand: Jacob Riis and the birth of reform photography’, pp. 161-217.

Hapgood, L. (2000) ‘The literature of the suburbs: versions of repression in the novels of George Gissing, Arthur Conan Doyle and William Pett Ridge, 1890-1899’, Journal of Victorian Culture 5, pp. 287-310

Harley, B. (1988) ‘Maps, knowledge and power’, in D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels, eds, The Iconography of Landscape, pp. 277-312

Hitchcock T. and Shore, H. (2003, eds) The Streets of London, 1660–1870, Rivers Oram Press, London.

Johnson, E.D.H. (1973) ‘Victorian artists and the urban milieu’ in H.J. Dyos and M. Wolff, eds, The Victorian City: Images and Realities, pp. 449-74

Keating, P. (1984) ‘The metropolis in literature’, in A. Sutcliffe, ed, Metropolis 1890-1940, pp. 129-45.

Mayhew, H. (1861), London Labour and the London Poor (reprinted 1968, Dover), Dover. See also complete on-line version of volume one:

http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/MayLond.html

McLaughlin, J. (2000) Writing the Urban Jungle: Reading Empire from Doyle to Eliot, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville

Moretti, F. (1998) Atlas of the European Novel, 1800-1900, ‘Introduction: Towards a geography of literature’, and Chapter 2: ‘A tale of two cities’, pp. 1-10 and 75-140.

Nead, L. (1999) Victorian Babylon: People, Streets and Images in Nineteenth-Century London, Yale University Press, London

Nead, L. (2004) ‘Animating the everyday: London on camera circa 1900’, Journal of British Studies 43, pp. 65-90

Newland, P. (2008) The Cultural Construction of London’s East End: Urban Iconography, Modernity and the Spatialisation of Englishness, Rodopi, Amsterdam.

Phillips, L. (2007, ed.), A Mighty Mass of Brick and Smoke: Victorian and Edwardian Representations of London. Rodopi: Amsterdam

Rappaport, E. (2002) ‘Art, commerce or empire? The rebuilding of Regent Street, 1880–1927’ History Workshop Journal, 53, pp. 94–117

Rendell, J. (1998) ‘Displaying sexuality: gendered identities and the early nineteenth-century street’ in Fyfe, N. (ed.) Images of the Street: Planning, Identity and Control in Public Space, Routledge, London, pp. 75–91 (e-book available through York library)

Riis, J.A. (1890) How the Other Half Lives (numerous modern and online editions, but you might look particularly for the edition introduced by David Leviatin (1996))

Schwartz, J.M. (2003) ‘Photographs from the edge of Empire’, in A. Blunt et al, eds, Cultural Geography in Practice, pp. 154-71

Schwarz, L. D., (1982) ‘Social class and social geography: the middle classes in London at the end of the eighteenth century’, Social History 7, pp.166–85; reprinted in Borsay, P. (1995, ed.) The Eighteenth-century Town, Leicester University Press, Leicester.

Shapiro, T. (1984) ‘The metropolis in the visual arts: Paris, Berlin, New York, 1890-1940’ in A. Sutcliffe, ed, Metropolis 1890-1940, pp. 95-127

Stange, Maren (1989) Symbols of ideal life: social documentary photography in America, 1890-1950

Tallack, D. (2000) ‘City sights: mapping and representing New York City’, in M. Balshaw and L. Kennedy, eds, Urban Space and Representation, pp. 1-21.

Walkowitz, J. R. (1992) City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London

Walkowitz, J. R. (1998) ‘Going public: shopping, street harassment and streetwalking in late Victorian London’, Representations, 62, pp. 1–30.

White, J. (2007) ‘The unsentimental traveller: the London novels of Albert Smith’, The London Journal, 32 (1), pp. 29–51.

Wolff, M. and Fox, C. (1973) ‘Pictures from the magazines’ in H.J. Dyos and M. Wolff, eds, The Victorian City: Images and Realities, pp. 559-82

 

SOME EXAMPLES OF NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ‘URBAN NOVELS’

 

Theodore Dreiser (1900) Sister Carrie

John Dos Passos (1925) Manhattan Transfer

George Gissing (1886) Demos (1889) The Nether World, (1891) New Grub Street

Virginia Woolf (1925) Mrs Dalloway

Arthur Morrison (1895) Tales of Mean Streets (1896) A Child of the Jago

William Dean Howells (1890) A Hazard of New Fortunes [apartment life in Manhattan]

Wyndham Lewis (1954) Self Condemned [an apartment hotel in a Canadian city]

H.G. Wells (1898) War of the Worlds [destroying the suburbs!] (1897) Tono-Bungay

Joseph Conrad (1907) The Secret Agent

Charles Dickens (1854) Hard Times (1853) Bleak House (1848) Dombey and Son (1837-39) Oliver Twist

Jack London (1902) People of the Abyss [non-fiction]

 

EXTENSIONS AND LATENESS

The Department aims to ensure fair and equal treatment in the assessment of all students and that no student is unjustly denied or unfairly granted the benefits of continuous assessment. Accordingly essay extensions will be granted in accordance with the following rules:

 

·         Extensions must be sought before the essay deadline. While an extension cannot be granted after an essay deadline is past, the Course Director may recommend the reduction or elimination of any penalty when made aware of appropriate extenuating circumstances. Students who find themselves in such a circumstance, are therefore strongly encouraged to contact the Course Director as soon as they are able to.

·         Extensions are granted only where students have encountered exceptional or unforeseen difficulties, or are subject to long-term episodic illnesses, or are affected by any relevant impairment, in the period during which they are expected to prepare the essay.  Doctor’s notes will be required in the case of medical issues.

 

Many Departments set essay deadlines at similar points during term and, therefore, students should both begin essay preparation in good time and budget their preparation time for essay writing appropriately.  Hence, just in themselves, mere lack of availability of texts and pressure of other essay deadlines alone are not grounds for extension. Again, however, if there are any circumstances which mean that these issues might constitute a real barrier to you then, again, the best advice is to contact the Course Director as soon as you are able to.

 

In a seminar course with no TA support, the timely submission of work is essential.  Therefore, any work submitted beyond the due date (without an approved extension) will be penalized according to the following schedule: one grade class per day (an essay worth a B+, for example, would end up with a B if submitted a day after the deadline).

 

 

SOME REFERENCING CONVENTIONS

 

END/FOOTNOTES

Why bother referencing?  Simply put (and as in life generally), you must give credit where credit is due. Quotations, paraphrases, statistics, interpretations, and significant phraseology taken from books and articles must be carefully and correctly cited in footnotes or endnotes. On the other hand obvious facts on which all authors would agree need not be footnoted.  Footnotes may be placed either at the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper. One acceptable form for footnotes is indicated by the following examples:

Standard entry:

W. H. McNeill, Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797 (Chicago, 1974), 27.

Multi-volume work:

M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1611-32 (2 vols., London, 1958), ii, 2-39.

Article within a book:

L. Stone, ‘The English Revolution’, in R. Forster & J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1970), 57.

Article in a journal:

E. W. Monter, ‘Witchcraft in Geneva, 1537-1662’, Journal of Modern History, 43 (1971), 195-7.

 

In citing a work for which the publication data has been given in an earlier footnote, it is not necessary to repeat the same data in full.  Simply write the author’s surname, an abbreviated title and the page number. If the work was cited in the immediately preceding footnote, you do not even have to write the surname; simply write ibid. and the page number. The following sequence should make these practices clear:

6J. P. Kenyon, ed., The Stuart Constitution 1603-1688. Documents and Commentary (Cambridge, 1966), 203.

7Ibid., p.2.

8J. Stoye, Europe Unfolding, 1648-1688 (London, 1968), 85.

9Kenyon, Stuart Constitution, 207.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Your paper should also include a bibliography. Bibliographies should be arranged in alphabetical order by author’s surname.  If citing a whole book do not include page numbers.  If citing an article in a book or journal, give the page numbers of the whole article, as follows:

McNeill, W. H., Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797 (Chicago, 1974)

Monter, E. W., ‘Witchcraft in Geneva, 1537-1662’, Journal of Modern History, 43 (1971), 180-204

Stone, L., ‘The English Revolution’, in R. Forster & J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1970), 55-108

 

Plagiarism is the use, without adequate acknowledgement, of the intellectual work of another person in work submitted for assessment (see the appended pages that follow).  While I expect you to now be cognizant of what is and what is not plagiarism, any queries about the over-referencing of any source can be taken up with me, should you be unsure about the possibility that you have excessively represented others’ work as your own.  Aside from this, all cases of suspected plagiarism will be reported to the relevant Departmental and University officers.

 

My role is not simply to teach, but to advise and help. Students who are having difficulty with their work for whatever reason, or who require any assistance or information are welcome to consult with me on any aspect of the course. This can be done either by making a specific appointment via the Departmental Office (416-736-5107) or by e-mail: wjenkins@yorku.ca.