By K. Denning, for students in Anth 2140, 3510, 3520, and 3130, in 2005-2006

Anthropology Reference System 

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This web page is intended to give you additional information, to complement (not replace) the handouts you receive in our class regarding correct academic citation practices. Make sure you have those handouts too.

York's Tutorial on Academic Integrity may be found here: www.yorku.ca/tutorial/academic_integrity/

Also, all students are responsible for knowing about Senate regulations regarding plagiarism and academic honesty. Please follow these links to familiarize yourself with these policies.

Faculty of Arts – Academic Honesty – Information for Students

Senate Policy on Academic Honesty  

Click here for frequently asked questions about online references.

In General

There are three components to correct referencing: using quotation marks, citations, and a bibliography. You must do each correctly, in all of your work. Signal phrases are also helpful. Note that good academic writing often contains a citation for almost every sentence in a paper.

Quotation Marks: 

Indicate with quotation marks if more than three consecutive words are from another author. 

If the quote is over three lines long, inset it from both margins and single space the lines. Avoid using many long quotes.

Citation:

Give the author’s name and indicate where they published the ideas/words (author’s name, publication date, page number). In this class, citation must be done in standard Anthropology format, i.e. with brackets, like this: (Author 1994:23)

Bibliography:         

Give the names of author(s), title of article, title of book or journal, date, place of publication, publisher. For websites, include the webpage author, date, title of article, website name, full URL of specific webpage (not just of website), and date accessed.

Signal Phrases:     

Introduce a quote or idea with “According to Author X”, or “In the words of Author X”, or “Author X indicates”

In Anthropology

Different disciplines favour different reference systems for bibliographies and citations. In this class, we use the standard Anthropology system.

The American Anthropological Association bases its system upon the Chicago Manual of Style. More specifically, Anthropology uses the "Scientific" version of the Chicago Manual of Style -- with in-text citations (Author Date:pg) -- rather than the "Humanities" version of the CMS, which relies upon footnotes instead.

A short explanation of the system is available here on the Nexus Style Guide Site: http://publish.uwo.ca/~stchri/styleguide.html

Frequently Needed Bibliography Entries

Rohlen, Thomas P. 1993.  Education: Policies and Prospects. In Koreans in Japan: Ethnic Conflicts and

Price, T. Douglas. 1984. Issues in Paleolithic and Mesolithic Research. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the

For more detail, see the examples below (some of which are the same as in the Nexus Style Guide). The material below is copied directly from the AAA Style Guide (found in its entirety as a pdf here: www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.htm )

If you find yourself exceptionally fascinated with the finer points of documentation and style in academic writing, do consult the Chicago Manual of Style FAQ online for ongoing debates about just about everything. (e.g. Do you capitalize the "the" in "the Who" or not? How can you tell whether to use "which" or "that"?)

All references must be cited in author-date form; all author-date citations must be referenced

Alphabetization:

    References with the same author and date should be placed in alphabetical order, by title

Citations:

    Place text citations as near the author’s name as possible, except place quotation citations after the quote

   Use colon, no space, between year and page number (exception to Chicago): Waterman 1990:3–7

    Use "et al." in text citations of three or more authors, but spell out all names in references cited

    Use full first names where possible for authors and editors (but do not force if author goes by initials)

   Where citing an author, put the year in parentheses, but where citing a work, leave the year (and page 

    numbers, if applicable) in the running text:

Do not use ibid. for repeated references

Notes:

   Where citing a note or notes, use:

Publications in press (forthcoming):

Reprinted material:

    Where citing reprinted material, use date from work used in text citations and insert

Translations:

   In references where the author also is the translator use: Victor Hugo, ed. and trans.

Volumes:

    If volume is the only one referenced in the article, then include its number in

In Your Bibliography: Reference Examples, from the American Anthropological Association Style Guide

    1993 Education: Policies and Prospects. In Koreans in Japan: Ethnic Conflicts and

    1984 Issues in Paleolithic and Mesolithic Research. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the

    1999 Review of Beyond Language: Social and Cultural Factors in Schooling Language Minority

    1960 Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching. In Handbook of Research on Teaching. 3rd

    1962[1960] Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching. In Handbook of Research on

Should be cited in text citations but not in references cited (see Chicago 16.174):

(Doe v. U. Mich., 721 F. Supplement 852 [1989])

    1997 I Wonder If Heaven Got A Ghetto. From R U Still Down? (remember me). New York:

    1993 Introduction. In Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT ONLINE REFERENCES

So how do I identify the URL of an individual web page? If a web page has frames, quite often the URL in the "Location" bar on your browser will be the URL for the whole website, not the one for the web page. We need the individual page URL so we know which exact page your content is coming from. Easy way to find the page URL on a framed site:  Right-click your mouse inside the frame you want, then choose the option to "open in new window". When the page opens in a new window, the URL in the location bar is the URL for that page. Check out this page for a great tutorial.

How do I cite something that I found at About.com? The URL is really long.
First, make sure that it's okay to be using something you found via About.com (remember, the quality of online resources is uneven, so you should check with your prof). Then, check out this page, which explains it.

Is there an easy way to transcribe a long URL correctly? The best way is to copy and paste it, i.e. copy from your browser and paste into your word processor. Move your cursor to the Location bar in your browser, select the text with your mouse, press Ctrl-C to copy, switch windows (Alt-Tab) to your word processor , and then press Ctrl-V to paste it into your document.

What can I tell from a URL? Here's a great link to a page at Wesleyan U. Scroll down.