Can bilingualism protect the brain even with early stages of dementia?

Researchers find bilingualism provides the brain with greater cognitive reserve, delaying onset of symptoms

TORONTO, February 13, 2020 – A study led by York University psychology researchers provides new evidence that bilingualism can delay symptoms of dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, making up 60 to 70 per cent of dementia cases. Of all activities with neuroplastic benefits, language use is the most sustained, consuming the largest proportion of time within a day. It also activates regions across the entire brain. Ellen Bialystok, Distinguished Research Professor in York’s Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, and her team tested the theory that bilingualism can increase cognitive reserve and thus delay the age of onset of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms in elderly patients. Bialystok's team collaborated with researchers at Baycrest Health Sciences' Rotman Research Institute, where Bialystok is an associate scientist.

Their study is believed to be the first to investigate conversion times from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease in monolingual and bilingual patients. Although bilingualism delays the onset of symptoms, Bialystok says, once diagnosed, the decline to full-blown Alzheimer’s disease is much faster in bilingual people than in monolingual people because the disease is actually more severe.

“Imagine sandbags holding back the floodgates of a river. At some point the river is going to win,” says Bialystok. “The cognitive reserve is holding back the flood and at the point that they were when they were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment they already had substantial pathology but there was no evidence of it because they were able to function because of the cognitive reserve. When they can no longer do this, the floodgates get completely washed out, so they crash faster. Yet they had more time to enjoy the dry land.”

In the five-year study, researchers followed 158 patients from the Sam and Ida Ross Memory Clinic at Baycrest Health Sciences who had been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment. The patients had been diagnosed after extensive testing and evaluation conducted by the clinic.

For the study, researchers classified bilingual people as having high cognitive reserve and monolingual people as having low cognitive reserve. Patients were matched on age, education, and cognitive level at the time of diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. The researchers followed their six-month interval appointments at the clinic to see the point at which diagnoses changed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. The conversion time for bilinguals, 1.8 years after initial diagnosis, was significantly faster than it was for monolinguals, who took 2.6 years to convert to Alzheimer’s disease. This difference suggests that bilingual patients had more neuropathology at the time they were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment than the monolinguals, even though they presented with the same level of cognitive function.

These results contribute to the growing body of evidence showing that bilinguals are more resilient in dealing with neurodegeneration than monolinguals. They operate at a higher level of functioning because of the cognitive reserve, which means that many of these individuals will be independent longer, Bialystok says. This study adds new evidence by showing that the decline is more rapid once a clinical threshold has been crossed, presumably because there is more disease already in the brain.

“Given that there is no effective treatment for Alzheimer’s or dementia, the very best you can hope for is keeping these people functioning so that they live independently so that they don’t lose connection with family and friends. That’s huge.”

The study is published in Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders today.

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York U's fully bilingual Glendon Campus is home to Southern Ontario's Centre of Excellence for French Language and Bilingual Postsecondary Education.

Media Contact: Anjum Nayyar, York University Media Relations, 416 736 2100 ext. 44543 or cell 437-242-1547, anayyar@yorku.ca