Introduction
Simply expressed, a computer is an electronic machine (a system of components) capable of receiving, storing, and manipulating data and generating information. A modern-day computer system typifies what is known as the Von Neumann architecture that allows for a stored program concept consisting of devices used for input (e,g, keyboard & mouse), processing (the Central Processing Unit, CPU), primary/main memory (RAM/ROM), secondary/auxiliary memory (mass storage, e.g., hard disk, memory stick, DVD) and output (e.g., LCD screen, printer, speaker). A computer system (CS) is a combination of major components: hardware, software, data and people. [In an organizational context, conceived as a computer information system (CIS) other elements such as policies and procedures also become included.]
Software or a computer program represents a problem-solving algorithm, a set of ordered or step-by-step instructions that the computer must perform to produce the desired results. When a computer implements these instructions, it executes the program. Computer Language – although ultimately the only language a computer understands is machine language (binary instruction codes specifically designed for each processor platform), many different high-level languages have been developed to help us write/construct computer programs more conveniently. Examples include BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, TURING, C, C++, JAVA, etc. that are, to varying degrees, more like natural languages (e.g. English) we use.
Data – raw facts, collected from different sources; cannot be the basis for meaningful conclusions on their own. Data processing (DP) refers to the techniques of collecting, manipulating, and distributing data to achieve certain results. The objective of DP is to convert raw data into useful information, however, the term, information processing, is frequently used interchangeably with DP. The process of creating useful information, i.e., defining relationships among data, requires knowledge that consists of
Knowledge is the basis of fact-selection/rejection relevant to specific information generation tasks. Information -- material or data that has been organized and processed into meaningful form; can be used to educate; improve understanding. Useful information is typically characterized as being accessible, accurate, complete, economical, flexible, relevant, reliable, secure, simple, timely and verifiable.
The Transfer-of-Information Cycle – the input-processing-output cycle by which a user communicates with a computer. Major Strengths of Computers:
Basic Computer Functions
Major Weaknesses of Computers:
Types of Computers:
WHY IS THE STUDY OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IMPORTANT? It is important for everyone in a modern society to become aware of how computer use has affected, is affecting, and will affect society; and to become aware of the potential dangers and possible negative consequences of computer use; and to become informed citizens so that we can adapt to the changes more readily, can speak intelligently about computers and their use in society, and to make certain that they will be utilized effectively so as to benefit all of us. This is especially so for the intelligent, the intellectual or the educationally privileged members of society like you and your classmates. |